الفهرس 
Chlorella vulgaris BeyerinckOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Algae are found everywhere around us. In fact just
about everywhere where there is a light to carry out
photosynthesis. Algae grow in almost any aquatic
environment and use light and carbon dioxide (CO2) to
create biomass. Algae are not only a source of protein but
also of other valuable materials such as fats, carbohydrates
and pigments. This investigation was conducted aiming at
the mass production of purified pigments of Chlorella
vulgaris, Spirulina platensis and Nannochloropsis oculata.
Chlorella vulgaris, Spirulina platensis and Nannochloropsis
oculata were cultivated at indoor and outdoor conditions.
For indoor cultivation: Incubation the used algae under BGII medium conditions. After cultivation period (19 days) of
Chlorella vulgaris, the results showed that the dry weight
was (0.92 g.l-1), degree of multiplication (1.93) and
doubling time (0.99). Total chlorophyll content was (18.2
mg.l-1) with degree of multiplication (1.85) and doubling
time (10.35). While, total carotene was (12.69 mg.l-1) with
degree of multiplication (2.38) and doubling time (7.7).
After cultivation period (12 days) of Spirulina
platensis, the results showed that the dry weight was (1.44
g.l-1), degree of multiplication (2.26) and doubling time
(3.47). Total chlorophyll content was (1.12 mg.l-1) with
degree of multiplication (1.03) and doubling time (11.75).
While, total carotene was (2.4 mg.l-1) with degree of
multiplication (0.88) and doubling time (13.59).
After cultivation period (13 days) of Nannochloropsis
oculata, the results showed that the dry weight was(0.5g.l-1),degree of multiplication (4.64) and doubling time (2.77).
Total chlorophyll content was (2.38 mgL-1) with degree of
multiplication (2.28) and doubling time (5.78). While, total
carotene was (0.85 mgL-1) with degree of multiplication
(1.09) and doubling time (11.55).
from the previous results Spirulina platensis
surpasses all other used algae in dry weight.
While in the outdoor cultivation, three units were used as
follows:
1- Open plate photobioreactor:
1000L open plate was used for growth of Chlorella
vulgaris. Cultivation was performed for 14 days and after
that dry weight was in the 14th day (3.26 g.l-1) with degree
of multiplication (3.35) and doubling time (4.33). Total
chlorophyll was (31.35 mg.l-1) at the same day with degree
of multiplication (2.3) and doubling time (6.86). But, total
carotene was (32.87 mg.l-1) in the 14th day also with degree
of multiplication (1.26) and doubling time (11.55).
2- Open pond:
15000L open pond was used for growth of Spirulina
platensis. After 10 days of cultivation, dry weight was (1.09
g.l-1) with degree of multiplication (5.62) and doubling time
(4.95). Total chlorophyll was (4.79 mg.l-1) at the same day
with degree of multiplication (0.41) and doubling time
(9.67). But, total carotene was (1.4 mg.l-1) in the end of
cultivation period with degree of multiplication (0.61) and
doubling time (6.66).3- Zigzag shape photobioreactor:
1000L zigzag shape was used for growth of
Nannochloropsis oculata. After 9 days of cultivation, dry
weight was (1.72 g.l-1) with degree of multiplication (1.38)
and doubling time (6.3). Total chlorophyll was (2.37 mg.l-1)
at the same day with degree of multiplication (1.84) and
doubling time (4.95). But, total carotene was (4.3 mg.l-1) in
the end of cultivation period with degree of multiplication
(4.35) and doubling time (2.04).
Spectrophotometrically, four solvents were used,
dimethylsulfoxide, methanol, acetone and ethanol with wet
and dry samples of different strains as follows:
1- Chlorella vulgaris:
A- Chlorophyll a:
It was found that dimethylsulfoxide has the highest
pigment extraction efficiency of wet sample (27.73 mg/g).
While, methanol was the best solvent for extraction of dry
sample (44.29 mg/g).
B- Chlorophyll b:
It was found that dimethylsulfoxide was the better
solvent for the chlorophyll extraction efficiency of both wet
and dry samples (70.03, 38.12 mg/g) respectively.
C- Total chlorophyll:
Like chlorophyll b, dimethylsulfoxide was the
dominant and best solvent with both wet and dry samples
(97.76, 54.96 mg/g) respectively.
D- Total carotene:
Like wet samples of all above pigments,
dimethylsulfoxide surpasses all other used solvents (24.3 mg/g). On contrast, ethanol with dry sample reached to
maximum chlorophyll extraction efficiency (34.0 mg/g).
2- Spirulina platensis:
For wet samples of all pigments of Spirulina
platensis, the same results were obtained of chlorophyll a, c,
total chlorophyll and total carotene (27.5, 63.8, 91.26 and
2.97) respectively with dimethylsulfoxide.
For dry samples, the extraction efficiency of
chlorophyll a, c and total chlorophyll were (39.67, 66.44 and
106.1 mg/g) respectively, with methanol. While, total
carotene reached to maximum content (9.54 mg/g) with
dimethylsulfoxide.
The results that obtained for extraction of
phycocyanin from both wet and dry sample were (2.03,
4.23 mg/g), respectively.
3- Nannochloropsis oculata:
A- Chlorophyll a:
It was found that acetone has the highest chlorophyll
a extraction efficiency with both wet and dry samples (61.7
and 138.4 mg/g) respectively.
B- Total carotene:
For wet sample, dimethylsulfoxide was the best
solvent (14.49 mg/g). Like dry sample of Chlorella
vulgaris, ethanol has the highest carotene extraction
efficiency (19.74 mg/g).Using HPLC method for determination of algal pigments
from the three algal strains it was found that:
For Chlorella vulgaris, acetone and methanol were excellent
extraction solvents with wet and dry samples respectively.
For wet samples, acetone was found (26.67, 34.8 mg/g) for
both chlorophyll a and β-carotene respectively. While, for
dry samples, methanol was found (44.97, 52.24 mg/g) for
both chlorophyll a and β-carotene respectively.
For Spirulina platensis, dimethylsulfoxide surpasses all
other used solvents of all pigments and samples. For wet
samples, it was found (25.13, 18.6 mg/g) for both
chlorophyll a and β-carotene respectively. For dry samples,
it was found (80.7, 75.8 mg/g) for both chlorophyll a and β-
carotene respectively.
For Nannochloropsis oculata, methanol surpasses all other
used solvents of all pigments for wet samples. It was found
(71.36, 32.25 mg/g) for both chlorophyll a and β-carotene
respectively. For dry samples, methanol and ethanol were
found (102.48, 48.51 mg/g) for both chlorophyll a and β-
carotene respectively.
The GC/MS analysis of the produced Cu-chlorophyll
revealed some compounds. The Cu-chlorophyll extract was
characterized by the presence of Quercetin-7,3’,4’-
trimethoxy (39.64%), Lucenin 2 (31.93%), Isobutyl
phthalate (56.35%), Palmitic acid, ethyl ester
(61.21%), 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane (37.76%), 2,5-
Octadecadiynoic acid, methyl ester (8.74%) and Ether, bis
(dichloromethyl) (4.38%), Hexadecadienoic acid, methyl
ester (CAS) (5.38%), Linoleic acid ethyl ester(8.05%), 9 Hexadecenoic acid, ethyl ester (3.74%), Stearic acid, ethyl
ester (3.21%), Octadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (CAS)
(8.30%), Dibutyl phthalate (6.91%), Phthalic acid,
bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester (6.23%), and Heptadecane (4.30%)
as a major components. along with some other minor
components presented in trace amounts.
Na-Cu-Chlorophyllin was produced and the result of two
peaks of Na-Cu-Chlorophyllin was appearing 3.88mg/g
with retention time 8.416 min and the second peak was
appearing 4.82mg/g with retention time 9.878 min.
β-carotene crystallization was produced and the result of the
chromatogram was characterized by peak at 10.933 min.
The identity of the peak was confirmed by determination of
relative retention time and by spiking with standard β-
carotene. The result of β-carotene was 0.484 mg/g.
Phycocyanin pigment was produced from Spirulina and it
was found that the concentration of phycocyanin gave 4.8
mg/g and purity ratio gave 1.37%.