الفهرس 
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Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes diseases in human and a wide array of animal. Of note, S. aureus mastitis of ruminants, including cows, buffalo, sheep, and goats, results in major economic losses worldwide. S. aureus is one of the most significant pathogens in human causing hospital-acquired (nosocomial) infections and community acquired infections which hardly to treat and cause mortality in advanced cases.
In this study, isolates were obtained from animal milk and human samples (pus, tracheal, ear and nasal swabs ) from EL-Minia Governorate. A total of 120 milk samples (30 samples from each species) and 90 samples were collected from animal and human, respectively.
A total of S. aureus in animal milk samples were 81 isolates (67.5%) were obtained as (70%, 66.6%, 66.6% and 66.6%) from cow, buffalo, goat and sheep respectively . Furthermore, prevalence of S. aureus in human was higher than animal as 67 isolates (74.44%) with regard to the most prevalent S. aureus isolates were isolated from tracheal swabs.
All the isolated S. aureus were subjected to in vitro susceptibility testing against 12 antimicrobial agents comprising ten different antimicrobial classes of both veterinary and human significance using disk diffusion method .
All S. aureus isolates of animal origin showed absolute susceptibility towards imipenem and absolute resistance towards apramycin. so imipenem consider the most effective antibiotic and followed by cefotaxime(77.75%) .ciprofloxacin (71.5%) ,sulphamethoxazole /trimethoprim (59.5%), and doxycycline(52.1.%). As far as S.aureus isolates of animal origin were highly resistant clindamycin (84%), cloxacillin (82.8%), vancomycin
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(79.2%) ,oxacillin (71.8%) , cefoxitin (60.4%), and amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid (51%) .
On other hand antimicrobial susceptibility test of human isolates revealed were highest percentage of sensitivity was recorded against imipenem (67%) ,but highly resistant to apramycin (97%), clindamycin (88%), cloxacillin (88%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (84%) , vancomycin (84%), cefoxitin (84%), cefotaxime (82%) , oxacillin (82%) , sulphamethoxazole/ trimethoprim (81%), followed by ciprofloxacin (75%) and doxycycline (73%).
MRSA isolates were detected by evaluated resistance to cefoxitin , cloxacillin and oxacillin as cow isolates were (66.6%, 81%, and 57.2%) respectively ,buffalo isolates (40%, 90% and 90%) , respectively ,goat isolates (55%, 70% and 55%) , respectively and sheep isolates (80%, 90% and 85%) , respectively. Nevertheless, human isolates were (84%, 88% and 82%), respectively.
VRSA isolates evaluated by resistance to vancomycin which resulted in (66.6%, 90%, 70%, 90% and 84%) in cow, buffalo, goat, sheep and human isolates, respectively.
Multiple drug resistance (MDR) was determined as the resistance against three or more antimicrobials belonging to different classes, 37 isolates from animal (43%, 50%, 30% and 60%) in cows, buffaloes, goats and sheep isolates, respectively and 40 isolates from human ( 59.7%) was detected.
It is worthy to mention that MRSA, VRSA and MDR prevalence of sheep isolates approximately the same with human isolates .
PCR was applied on selected isolates isolated from animal species and human for detection of antibiotic resistance genes (mecA and vanA).
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The results of isolates which were previously selected (n=25) as five isolates were selected from each species (cow , buffalo , goat, sheep and human) for detection of mecA and vanA genes were 13 out of all the S. aureus isolates (n=25) regardless for their species were carriers for mecA gene with a prevalence of 52 % as cow ,buffalo and human isolates were 80% mecA gene positive which was not in coordination with sheep isolates (20% ) but goat isolates were negative for mecA gene.
The results for vanA gene were 11 of them were carriers for vanA gene with prevalence of 40% as goats, cows and buffalo but 100% positive of sheep isolates and negative result of human isolates which support studies reported that vancomycin significantly more expensive, resistance is emerging and many have restrictions on use due to side effects.