الفهرس 
Hair dyesOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Hair dyes are widely used as cosmetic agents to color the grey hair around the world. PPD is used in almost hair dyes preparations regardless of brand. Human exposure to PPD mainly occurs through the skin, but accidental ingestion or inhalation of powdered particles during dyeing process may occur (AbdElzaher et al., 2012).
The aim of the present study was to assess systemic effects of PPD on liver; kidneys and muscles functions as well as DNA of peripheral lymphocytes after dermal application in adult albino rats in a dose and time dependent manner.
The current study was carried out on 90 adult albino rats of both sex in the period from September 2013 to December 2013. The rats were randomly subdivided into control groups (negative and positive), short term (4 weeks) toxicity group and long term (12 weeks) toxicity group. The latter two groups were further subdivided according to the applied dermal dose into 10 mg/kg sub-group and 15mg/kg sub-group. The following investigations were done for all rat groups as follow:
Ι-Biochemical parameters:
A- Hepatic parameters:
1- Serum alanine transaminase (ALT).
2- Serum aspartate transaminase (AST).
B- Renal parameters:
1- Serum creatinine.
2- Blood urea nitrogen (BUN).
C- Muscle parameter:
- Creatine phosphokinase (CPK).
Π- Comet assay:
It was done for DNA assessment in peripheral blood lymphocytes.
The data of the current study were statistically analyzed and the results were as following:
Topical application of PPD caused significant liver toxicity in the form of significant elevation of ALT and AST in both short term and long term groups in a dose and time dependent manner.
As regard renal affection associated with PPD dermal application, the present study showed significant renal impairment in the form of significant elevation of serum creatinine and BUN in dose and time dependent manner. These were observed in both short and long term groups.
Another important finding in this study was that PPD had caused significant raise of serum CPK level in a dose and time dependent manner in both short and long term groups.
The current study also showed that PPD is potentially genotoxic substance manifested by peripheral blood lymphocytes DNA damage which was evaluated by Comet assay. Densitometric and geometric parameters of the comets were determined using image analysis software and revealed that PPD dermal application increased the comet tail length, DNA% in the tail and tail moment in a dose and time dependent manner.