الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present work was curried out to evaluate the possible effects of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and snake gourd (Trichosanthes cucumerina) different parts to cope with hypoglycemia of alloxan injected male albino rats. For this purpose, the determination of phenols and flavonoids of different plant parts were done by HPLC method. The study was included 84 rats, about 150 - 170 (g) weight each. Diabetes was induced in normal healthy male albino rats via intraperitoneal injection of alloxon 150 mg/kg body weight. All rats fed on control diet for two weeks before the start of the experiment for acclimatization. Biological & chemical analysis of serum and histopathological investigation of the internal organs were curried out. The results could be summarized as follows:
Groups:
group (1): Normal rats used as a negative control group, and fed on basal diet for (28 days, the duration of the experiment) (n=7 healthy rats).
group (2): Diabetic rats group fed on basal diet after injection with alloxan, considered as a positive control group (n=7 rats) for (28 days).All following treatments carried out on control (+) rats.
group (3): group infected with diabetes and fed on cucumber seeds dried powder at 7.5 % of the diet.
group (4): group infected with diabetes and fed on cucumber leaves dried powder at 7.5 % of the diet.
group (5): group infected with diabetes and fed on cucumber whole fruit dried powder at 7.5 % of the diet.
group (6): group infected with diabetes and fed on cucumber without peel dried powder at 7.5 % of the diet.
group (7): group infected with diabetes and fed on cucumber peel dried powder at 7.5 % of the diet.
group (8): group infected with diabetes and fed on snake gourd seeds dried powder at 7.5 % of the diet.
group (9): group infected with diabetes and fed on snake gourd leaves dried powder at 7.5 % of the diet.
group (10): group infected with diabetes and fed on snake gourd whole fruit dried powder at 7.5 % of the diet.
group (11): group infected with diabetes and fed on snake gourd without peel dried powder at 7.5 % of the diet.
group (12): group infected with diabetes and fed on snake gourd peel dried powder at 7.5 % of the diet.
Blood samples were used for determination of:
1. Fasting blood glucose.
2. Fasting lipids profile.
a. Total cholesterol.
b. Triglycerides
c. HDL-cholesterol
d. LDL cholesterol
e. VLDL cholesterol
3. Liver function tests
Serum (AST) or (sGOT).
Serum (ALT) or S.GPT.
Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
4. Kidney function tests:
• Fasting serum urea
• Fasting serum creatinine
• Uric acid
At the end of the experiment which continued for 28 successive days, all rats were sacrificed. After taking retro orbital blood samples, each rat was rapidly opened, the liver, kidneys, heart, spleen, lungs and pancreas were removed, cleaned in saline solution and dried then weighed and fixed in formalin solution (10% V/V). Tissue samples including liver, and kidney were taken for histopathological examination.
Statistical analysis:
The data were statistically analyzed using a computerized COSTAT program by one way ANOVA. The results are presented as mean± SD. Differences between treatments at (P > 0.05) were considered significant.
The obtained results revealed the following:
Phenolic and flavonoids compounds in different parts of cucumber and snake gourd:
1. Analysis of phenolic compounds in cucumber different parts revealed that the highest (654594.20 ppm) in whole fruit, followed by (444098.60 ppm) fruit without peels, leaves (194941.21 ppm), peels (193478.60 ppm) and then came the seeds (34877.69 ppm).
2. Analysis of phenolic compounds in snake gourd different parts were highest (864529.20 ppm) in whole fruit, followed by (588469 ppm) peels, fruit without peels (333967.80 ppm), leaves (80181.70 ppm) and then came the seeds (31687.95 ppm).
3. Analysis of total flavonoids compounds in cucumber different parts were highest (1487.47 ppm) in leaves, followed by whole fruit (546.37 ppm), peels (508.58 ppm), fruit with out peels (447.76 ppm) and then came the seeds (370.63 ppm).
4. Analysis of total flavonoids compounds compounds in Snake gourd different parts were highest (7649.34 ppm) in leaves, followed by peels (878.86 ppm), whole fruit (501.88 ppm), fruit with out peels (483.76 ppm) and then came the seeds (374.67 ppm).
5. Body weight gain%, feed intake (FI) and food efficiency ratio (FER):
a. Hyperglycemic resulted in the increase of BWG, FER; per cent decreases were +178.51, +75.83 % respectively. Hyperglycemic resulted in the decrease of FI; per cent of decrease +55.01 %.
b. Rats fed on cucumber and snake gourd parts (seeds, leaves, whole fruits, fruits without peels and peels of fruits ) of all 7.5% increased BWG, maximum increased (+161.99%) in the first case recorded for snake gourd leaves 7.5%, also maximum increased of FER(+71.43%) was found for snake gourd leaves 7.5%.
c. The lowest value of FI was observed when rats fed on diet contained cucumber seeds 7.5%.
d. Hyperglycemic (control +) raised the (liver, heart , kidney, lungs, spleen and pancreas) relative organ weight (due to possible inflammation )which were(g %) 12.09 ± 2.02 , 1.04 ± 0.05, 2.91 ± 0.92, 2.28 ± 0.42, 1.51 ± 0.06 and 0.59 ± 0.03 respectively.
e. Feeding on snake gourd leaves 7.5% improved the relative weight of liver, kidneys and spleen. Feeding on cucumber peel 7.5% improved the relative weight of heart. Feeding on cucumber seeds 7.5% and snake gourd leaves 7.5% improved the relative weight of lungs. Feeding on cucumber seeds 7.5% and cucumber whole fruits 7.5% improved the relative weight of pancreas.
6. Serum glucose:
b. The best result was observed for group 9 (snake gourd leaves 7.5%) when compared to control (+) group.
7. Kidney function
a. Serum Creatinine:
The best treatment of serum creatinine was recorded for snake gourd peels 7.5% when compared to control (+) group.
b. Serum Urea:
The lowest mean value of serum urea was recorded for Snake gourd leaves 7.5% treatment.
c. Serum Uric acid (mg/dl):
Rats fed on diet contained Snake gourd peels showed better mean value of serum Uric acid.
8. Liver function:
a. (G.O.T) or (AST) enzyme (U/L):
Hyperglycemic rats fed on diet contained snake gourd without peels 7.5% and cucumber without peels 7.5% (group 11 and group 6 showed the best treatment for G.O.T or AST level (U/L).
b. (G.P.T) or (ALT) enzyme (U/L):
The best treatment of G.P.T level (U/L) was recorded for group 9 (rats fed on diet contained snake gourd leaves).
c. Serum alkaline phosphates (A.L.P) enzyme (U/L):
Rats fed on hyperglycemic diet contained cucumber without peels 7.5% showed the best mean value for alp (u/l).
9. Lipid profile:
a. Serum total cholesterol (T.C)mg/dl:
The lowest mean value were observed for lowering total cholesterol diabetic rats to group 9 (rats fed on diet contain Snake gourd leaves 7.5%).
b. Triglycerides (T.G) (mg/dl):
Hyperglycemic rats fed on diet contained snake gourd leaves 7.5% showed the lowest mean value of T.G.
c. Serum high density lipoprotein (H.D.L.C) (mg/dl):
Diabetes rats fed on diet contained cucumber leaves (group 4) showed the best treatment.
d. Serum low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) (mg/dl):
The lowest mean value of serum LDL-C was recorded for group 11 (diabetes rats fed on snake gourd without peel 7.5%).
e. Serum very low density lipoprotein (VLDL-C) (mg/dl):
The best mean value of serum VLDL-C was noticed for group 9 (diabetes rats fed on Snake gourd leaves7.5%).
f. Atherogenic index (AI) (VLDL+LDL/HDL) ratio mg/dl:
All the variable treatments investigated in the present work improved the level of AI. It could be noticed that better treatment was recorded for group 11 (diabetes rats fed on snake gourd without peel).
10. Histopathological results:
from histopathological results, liver and kidney section of all alloxan diabetes rats then fed on all tasted plants showed tendency for improvement of structure changed by alloxan (as compared to C +ve group) especially for rats group fed on snake gourd parts than rats group fed on cucumber of all treatment. It was seen that possibly histopathological improvement was later than biochemical and biological parameters.
Mean while histopathological changes were mostly parallel to the improvement in biochemical and biological parameters indicating the value of cucumber and snake gourd parts for treating kidney and liver damage. In general, cucumber and snake gourd parts diet improved the histopathologicl structure of liver and kidney which were damaged by alloxan injecting. The best results appeared in the rats in group 5, 7, 9 and 10 which were feeding on cucumber whole fruits, cucumber peel, snake gourd leaves and snake gourd whole fruits .Also, it is clear the importance of cucumber and snake gourd different parts in correcting the liver and kidney tissue that has changed by alloxan.