الفهرس 
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Abstract
Passive smoking is the involuntary inhalation of smoke from tobacco products. It occurs when tobacco smoke pollute the surrounding environment.(16) A study done in 2004 confirmed that children residing in regularly smoking homes had significantly higher prevalence of caries compared to nonregular/nonsmoking homes(76)
The objective of the present study was to investigate the correlation between passive smoking with caries and some related salivary biomarkers in young children.
A total number of ninety children with an age ranging from 4-6 years old were selected from Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University. An informed consent was taken from the parents after they had been informed about the study .Thirty children were selected as control group who lived in a non-smoking household (group A) and sixty were selected as passive smoker subject (group B & C)
All children were matched the all criteria of patient selection.
Criteria for selecting PS subjects was depending on answers to the following three questions:
1. Do any family member smoke cigarettes?
2. If yes, has the family member smoked at home since the child birth?
3. If yes, how many cigarettes were smoked at home per day? (less than 10 cigarettes or more than10 cigarettes per day).
According to these answers, if someone at home had been reported as a regular smoker since the birth of the child, the home had been categorized as a regular smoking household. The children who lived in the smoking households were identified as PS subjects. Two categories had been formed with respect to the children’s daily exposure at home, according to the total number of cigarettes smoked per day by each smoking household member as follows:<10 cigarettes (group B) & >10 cigarettes (group C).
The questionnaire contained items, about personal, familial and environmental characteristics [tooth-brushing habit (less than once, once or more than once per day), daily dietary sugar exposure (less than three times per day or more than three times per day) (166)parental education levels (no education, primary school, middle school, high school or university) and family socioeconomic level. The selection criteria also included the following: no additional fluoride prophylaxis, other than the use of fluoride toothpaste; and no antibiotics or antimicrobial agents in the previous 3 months.
Caries prevalence was recorded and the score of decayed, missing and filled primary teeth (dmf) was calculated. Salivary flow rate, pH of the saliva, and cotinine level in the saliva were recorded. To estimate the salivary flow rate, the amount of saliva which had been collected was recorded and the results had been converted to millilitres per minute. A 1-ml sample of saliva had been stored at -80 0C until use for analysis of cotinine(149).
Salivary pH had been measured as soon as possible and no longer than 30 min after collection. To determine the salivary cotinine level on the day of testing, samples had been brought to room temperature, centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 min, and the clear top-phase of the sample was pipetted into appropriate test tubes. The cotinine level was measured using a microplate enzyme immunoassay without modification to the manufacturer’s protocol (Salimetrics, State College, PA, USA) and expressed as nanograms per milliltre.
On comparing the percentage of dental caries in the control and passive smoking groups, it was found that the number of caries-free subjects in the PS group was lower than that in the control group and the mean dmf score of the PS subjects was three times higher than that of the control subjects.
There was statistically significant decreases in salivary pH and flow rate were found in the PS subjects compared with the control subjects (P < 0.05) and there was a statistically significant difference between the mean cotinine level of the PS subjects and the control subjects. Also there was a positive correlation was found between salivary cotinine level and dmf score so the present study suggested that passive smoking might be associated with an increased prevalence of dental caries in children