الفهرس 
Critically Ill ChildrenOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
In critical care, the optimization of patient’s hemodynamic and temperature is the key to improve patient morbidity and mortality. The goal of hemodynamic monitoring is to provide data that aids in the optimization of end organ tissue oxygenation and effectively combats global tissue hypoxia, shock, and multi-organ failure. Traditional, noninvasive methods of hemodynamic monitoring pertained solely to physical examination, and invasive methods included central venous and pulmonary artery catheterization mostly. Providing optimal care of the critically ill patient can present a dilemma for the emergency physician. While the importance of the ED role in the early care of critical patients continues to be reinforced and redefined. An understanding of the utility of advanced monitoring devices is of absolute importance, not only to provide emergency physicians with the confidence that the best care possible is being supplied to their patients but also to optimize the efficiency of such care. The assessment of hemodynamic status is essential in the care of the critically ill patient in order to ensure adequate organ perfusion and, ultimately, tissue oxygenation. Common monitoring modalities of three interrelated components of hemodynamic adequacy will be reviewed. The first is the basic determination of satisfactory organ perfusion pressure by the monitoring of MABP utilizing either an intra-arterial pressure transducer or automated blood pressure cuff. The second is the estimation of cardiac function and fluid responsiveness by monitoring cardiac output and filling pressures using a variety of non-invasive.