الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
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Abstract
Rehan Adel Abd El Monssef: Biological Treatment of Microbial
Pigments on Some Egyption Antiquities. Unpublished Ph. D. thesis,
Department of Agric. Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain
Shams University, 2016.
Ninety six fungal isolates, seven bacterial isolates and two actinomycete
isolates were obtained from the surface of the biodeteriorated paper and
parchment. Only two species and three species belonged to Aspergillus
and Penicillium genera respectively isolated from biodetriorated paper
and parchment produced extracellular pigment. All microorganisms have
the ability to secrete the specific enzyme for each material. Studying of
the factors effect on growth dry weight and pigment production of
pigmented fungi showed that all tested fungi have a different response to
different carbon source and its concentrations, nitrogen source and its
concentrations, minerals concentrations, pH, incubation temperature, light
source and relative humidity. from tested of different fungicides our
result shows the suitable concentrations of cinnamon oil and silver
nanoparticles were 100 and 50 ppm respectively to use in further
experiment as bio control agent to inhibit the fungal growth with save
application on ancient paper and parchment sample. from all isolates only
Trichoderma harzianum which isolated from ancient paper produced
laccase enzyme, Laccases are enzymes belonging to the group of
oxidases. Laccases catalyze the oxidation of a variety of phenolic
compounds, diamines and aromatic amines. The maximum production of
laccase enzyme by T.harzianum was observed at35
○
Cand pH 5 after 6
days. The highest activity of laccase achieved at 35
○
C and pH 5 during
the reaction. FTIR analysis revealed that the structure of extracted fungal
pigments has aromatic ring and phenols group. Crude laccase was capable to decolorize different pigment structures. The enzyme showed great
decolorization efficiency toward the extracted yellow pigment produced
from Asp. terrus and Asp. ochareceous treated by 200µl of partially
purified enzyme.Laccase enzyme was used to decolorization pigment
which secreted from deteriorated pigmented fungi on paper and
parchment during 30 days by using a pieces of paper and parchment
inoculated by spore suspension. The results indicated that a high removal
effect of fungal pigment on paper (71.21%) was recorded comparing to
parchment samples (32.39%). By FTIR analysis indicated that the ageing
processing and infected fungi of paper leading to decrease of their
absorbance. More differentiated region of stretching vibration of C-H
group is situated by Aspergillus ochareceous. No clearing changes were
observed on the spectra of parchment before or after ageing. Aspergillus
ochareceous and Aspergillus terrus occurred more differentiated samples.
Infected samples had bonded O-H streatching bond. The EDAX analysis
indicated that the percentage of carbon and oxygen weight are higher
components than other treatments and the fungal infection change the
minerals content of deteriorated sample.
Key words:
Paper, parchment, microbial biodeterioration, microbial pigment, laccase enzyme, decolorization, fungi, bioremoval.