الفهرس 
Introduction and Aim of StudyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Critically ill children often suffer from a low cardiac output, which is associated with increased mortality and requires advanced hemodynamic support. Advanced hemodynamic monitoring is of key importance in the management of children with circulatory failure. It is one of the main objectives of their therapeutic management. Cardiac output is one of the most important parameters for cardiac function monitoring, providing an estimate of the whole body perfusion and oxygen delivery. In addition, there are many methods for monitoring the hemodynamic status of patients, both invasive and non-invasive. Invasive monitoring includes: central venous pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, venous oxymetry, pulse pressure analysis, and dilution techniques. The non-invasive techniques are: ECG, pulse oxymetry, non invasive blood pressure monitoring, echocardiography, Doppler, NIRS, thoracic bioimpedance and bioreactance.