الفهرس 
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Abstract
Nanotechnology literally means any technology performed on a nano scale that has applications in the real world. Nanotechnology encompasses the production and application of physical, chemical, and biological systems at scales ranging from individual atoms or molecules to submicron dimensions, as well as the integration of the resulting nanostructures into larger systems. Nanotechnology is likely to have a pro-found impact on our economy and society in the early twenty first century.
Drilling fluids, commonly referred to as drilling mud, are an integral part of drilling oil and natural gas wells. A drilling fluid is typically pumped through the drill string and is subsequently introduced to the bottom of the bore hole as it squirts out of nozzles on the drill bit. This action not only cools and lubricates the drill bit, it also helps to convey rock debris and drill cuttings from the drilling area to the surface. The drilling fluids can also help prevent blowouts and wellbore cavings by creating hydrostatic pressure that stops formation fluids from entering the well prematurely.
For a drilling fluid to function in an effective manner, it must have the correct heat transfer and fluid-flow characteristics. Furthermore, it must be environmentally benign. Over the years, these requirements have been satisfied by both water-based and oil-based mud. Both contain some form of bentonite clay as well as a number of other additives. These modifiers may increase density, reduce corrosion, help disperse or flocculate particles, alter viscosity, and prevent bacterial growth. For deep-hole drilling, the temperatures and pressures can be prohibitively high, and the heat transfer demands on the drilling fluid can seem impossible to meet. In this situation, to engineer a viable drilling fluid, it is essential that the fluid’s thermal properties be significantly enhanced.
One way to engineer superior high temperature drilling fluids may be through the use of nanofluids. Among other possible applications, nanotechnology presents an opportunity for enhanced performance with respect to transport phenomena.
Nanotechnology application can revolutionalise the additive characteristics and behavior by tuning particle properties to meet certain operational, environmental, and technical requirements. Hence, the nanotechnological research leading to create some tailored made nanoparticles could be a promising step change research for smart fluids development for different industrial applications. These particles are ultra-fines in nature, usually larger than an atom cluster but smaller than ordinary micro particles and thus have very high specific surface area with enormous area of interactions. Due to nano-scale particle dimension, the nano-type fluid additives have both external as well as internal inhibition potential, require a very low additive concentration and thus expected to provide superior fluid properties at a drastically reduced additive concentration.
Nanofluids can be designed by adding nanosized particles in low volumetric fractions to a fluid. The nanoparticles improve the fluid’s rheological, mechanical, optical, and thermal properties. Suspensions of nanosized particles may provide the following advantages: (1) nanosized particles can have enhanced stability against sedimentation since surface forces easily balance the Gravity Force, And (2) Thermal, Optical, Mechanical, Electrical, Rheological, And Magnetic properties of nanoparticles, which depend significantly on size and shape, can be customized during manufacture and are often superior to the base material.
Weighting agents will be added to the fluid to increase its density and the pressure it exerts on the walls of the borehole.
This research was conducted in 4 stages; the first was to prepare nano barium sulphate and nano calcium carbonate chemically, secondly characterization of nano prepared and commercial calcium carbonate and barium sulphate. In the third stage, different drilling fluid systems using (nano& micro) sized barium sulphate and calcium carbonate were prepared. Finally, testing of the different properties of prepared drilling fluids (mud) systems was performed.