الفهرس 
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Abstract
I wish to offer my whole-hearted thanks, deepest gratitude and indebtedness to; Prof. Dr. Azza Hamdi El-Soussi professor of critical care and emergency nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, for her valuable guidance, endless help, constant encouragement and the great effort she has devoted for the supervision of this work. Her help is beyond praise.
Words can’t adequately express my heartily thanks, profound gratitude, sincere appreciation and indebtedness to Dr. Sahar Hossni El-Shenawi lecturer of critical care and emergency nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, for her sincere advice and honest work. I feel grateful for her valuable assistance and advice throughout the work.
I would like to express my heartily thanks for the critical care nurses at Alexandria Main University Hospital for being very helpful during the time of data collection. My deepest gratitude and thanks to all professors, doctors, staff members and colleagues in the critical care and emergency Nursing Department of Alexandria university for teaching, helping, support and motivating me.