الفهرس 
Anatomy of mitral valveOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Redo valve surgery is an increasingly common problem. Recent decades have seen a steady increase in the number of cases referred for redo cardiac surgery, which are associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality compared to the first-time operations. Many studies were done to address the outcome (mortality and morbidities) The hospital mortality was (20%). There was no effect regarding age, sex, cardiac rhythm, number of previous operations, type of the previous prosthesis, and interval from last implantation. Taking in consideration that mortality was higher with emergency group (15%).In conclusion, pre operative parameters of morbidity and mortality that showed higher incidence in emergency group were: NYHA functional class
LVEDD , LVESD dimensions
Redo cardiac surgery sternotomy and adhesio-lysis carries a significant risk of catastrophic bleeding especially with the rush accompanning hemodynamic instability.
Infective endocarditis.
left ventricular dysfunction EF less than 35.
Post operative morbidities noticed in emergency group were :(cardiac tamponade, permenant pacemaker, residual infective endocarditis , need for dialysis and cerebro vascular accidents ) were not statistically significant.