الفهرس 
1. INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
his study explicated through this thesis in four chapters. The first one is general introduction that investigate the importance of Nanoparticles, ZnO Nanoparticles ,membrane, alginate membrane and nano composite material.
The second chapter reports the experimental work and begins with an illustration of the specifications of the raw materials used in this work, followed by a description of the apparatus used. Moreover, this chapter contains the description of the different techniques used for preparation of Nano-ZnO, which has been successfully architecture into particles, rods, and tubes nano-structures via sol-gel and hydrothermal techniques, The variation of the different preparation parameters such as reaction temperature, reaction time, and stabilizer agents were optimized to attain different morphological structures. The influence of the microwave annealing process on ZnO crystallinity, surface area and morphological structure was monitored using XRD, BET and SEM techniques respectively, The antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide produced in nanotubes structure was examined against four different multidrug resistant bacteria; gram positive (staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis) and gram negative (Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) strains, The activity of produced nano-ZnO was determined by disc diffusion technique.
this chapter also contains the description of the different techniques used for preparation of alginate-PVA polymeric membrane ,the two techniques was direct crosslinking Technique and casting solvent evaporation Technique the two techniques different mainly in heat treatment where the heat treatment increase in case of Casting solvent evaporation Technique. The variation of the different preparation parameters such as PVA mixing ratio and CaCO3 mixing ratio was optimized to attain different membrane with different mechanical properties and pore distribution properties .
finally this chapter contains the description of immobilization Technique used
to merge Nano-ZnO with alginate-PVA polymeric membrane , crystal structure
,chemical interaction, thermal properties and morphological structure was monitored using XRD,FTIR,TGA and SEM techniques respectively, The antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide alginate-PVA nanocomposite was examined against two different multidrug resistant bacteria; gram positive (staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative (Escherichia coli) strains. The activity of produced nano ZnO alginate-PVA nanocomposite was determined by colony forming unit technique.
The third chapter shows the results and discussion of the experimental work to determine the recommended conditions for preparation technique that are suitable for synthesized the nano ZnO, the results revealed that ZnO nanotubes which prepared by hydrothermal technique recorded high activity against the studied strains due to its high surface area that equivalent to 17.8 m2/g, The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ZnO nanotubes showed that the low concentrations of ZnO nanotubes could be a substitution for the commercial antibiotics when approached in suitable formula, In spite of the annealing process of ZnO improves the degree of material crystallinity, however, it declines its surface area and consequently its antimicrobial activity.
also the experimental work showed that the most proper technique used for preparation of alginate-PVA polymeric membrane was casting solvent evaporation technique with 20% mixing ratio of PVA and 1.2 gm of CaCO3 ,the prepared membrane was incorporated with ZnO nanotubes to obtain nano composit,the characterization of prepared nano composite showed a homogeneous distribution of ZnO nanotubes along alginate-PVA polymeric membrane ,the colony forming during antibacterial test showed increase in antibacterial activity of nano composite against pathogenic bacteria with increasing ZnO nanotubes concentration and also the experimental work
showed The effect of contact time on the adsorption of dye onto the prepared
nano-polymeric composite which increase with increasing the contact time.
The final chapter summarizes the conclusions results from our study that carried out to prepare Nano-zinc oxide and alginate-PVA polymeric membrane which refer to Nano-zinc oxide with different morphological structures was successfully synthesized using two different techniques. The surfactant has a significant role on both the rate of nucleation and growth mechanisms which are responsible on the structure of nano-ZnO formed. The improvement in the reaction temperature enhances both the reaction rate and the degree of ZnO crystallinity. The ZnO morphological structure was strongly dependent on the reaction time. The synthesized zinc oxide nanotubes has a strong antimicrobial activity against some Gram-positive and Gram negative bacteria, This antimicrobial activity was declined with increasing the annealing temperature of ZnO from 500 to 900ºC. Accordingly, the synthesized ZnO nanotubes can be utilized as nano-control materials against the medicinal bacteria.
It was also found that alginate-PVA polymeric membrane was successfully synthesized using two different techniques. The PVA mixing ratio and CaCO3 has a significant role on mechanical properties and pore formation of membrane respectively .also nano ZnO was successfully impregnated with alginate-PVA polymeric membrane. the antibacterial activity of zinc oxide alginate-PVA nanocomposite increased with increasing powder concentration and finally the result show the importance of contact time on dye removal from wast water ,also the recommended future work was investigated in this chapter. The thesis ends by utilized references.