الفهرس | Only 14 pages are availabe for public view |
Abstract Toxicity and physio-toxic actions of certain bio-pesticides (Emaskim 1.9%EC, Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC) was evaluated with different concentrations as contact poisons or in sandy soil against both larval and pupal stages of three strains (Giza, Qaluobiya governorates and Laboratory strains) of C. capitata under laboratory conditions. 1. Toxicity of Certain bio-pesticides Against Some Immature Stages of Ceratitis capitata Under Laboratory Conditions: 1.1. Surface contact treatment: 1.1.1. Full grown larvae: 1.1.1.1. Giza governorate strain: Spintor 24%SC was the most effective compound as contact toxicant to full grown larvae of C. capitata of Giza governorate strain at both LC50 and LC90 followed by Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant 12%SC and Emaskim 1.9%EC. The LC50 and LC90 values were 129.633, 161.968, 199.649, 313.615 and 869.446, 954.436, 1114.517, 1375.458 ppm, respectively. Proclaim 5%SG and Radiant 12%SC nearly had the same values of slope (1.667 and 1.716, respectively). Toxicity index at both LC50 showed that Spintor 24%SC was the standard toxicant. The descending efficiency of the other compounds was 41.34, 80.04 and 64.93% for Emaskim 1.9%EC, Proclaim 5%SG and Radiant 12%SC, respectively, while it was 63.21,91.10 and 78.01% at LC90 for the som bio-pesticides 1.1.1.2. Qaluobiya governorate strain: At LC50, Spintor 24%SC was the superior (109.340ppm) against full grown larvae of Qaluobiya governorate strain of C. capitata followed by Proclaim 5%SG (128.834 ppm), Radiant 12%SC (192.596 ppm) and Emaskim 1.9%EC (228.723 ppm). But, at LC90, Emaskim 1.9%EC was the most potent compound (680.692 ppm) and Spintor 24%SC was the worest of 3315.306 ppm. Emaskim 1.9%EC had the steepest LC-p line of 2.641, whereas Spintor 24%SC was the flattest one of 0.865. At LC50, Spintor 24%SC was the standard compound. The other tested pesticides (Emaskim 1.9%EC, Proclaim 5%SG and Radiant 12%SC) were 49.09, 84.87 and 56.77% of the standard, successively. 1.1.1.3. Laboratory strain: Data indicated that Proclaim 5%SG was the most effective toxicant against the third larval instar of Laboratory strain of C. capitata at both LC50 and LC90 (35.437 and 124.718ppm, respectively). The efficiency of the other pesticides (Emaskim 1.9%EC, Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC) ranged between 157.437- 239.767 and 468.247- 1592.783ppm at both LC50 and LC90, respectively. Slope values of toxicity lines were 2.968, 2.345, 1.274 and 2.759 for Emaskim 1.9%EC, Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC, respectively. The efficacy of the used compounds at both LC50 and LC90 were 14.78, 19.24; 22.56, 7.83 and 22.23, 26.63% of Proclaim (the standard) for Emaskim 1.9%EC, Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC, respectively.1.1.1.4. The tolerance level The two tested field strains of Giza and Qaluobiya governorates were more tolerant to Proclaim 5%SG recording resistance factor of 4.57 and 3.63, respectively. The tolerance level of the two strains to Radiant 12%SC was nearly the same (1.27 for Giza governorate strain and 1.22 for Qaluobiya governorate strain). The Mediterranean fruit fly of Qaluobiya governorate strain was more susceptible to Emaskim 1.9%EC, whereas Giza governorate strain showed slightly degree of tolerance (R.F.=1.30). The two field strains of C. capitata were more susceptible to Spintor 24%SC than the laboratory strain. 1.2. Sandy soil treatment: 1.2.1. Full grown larvae: 1.2.1.1. Giza governorate strain: Radiant 12%SC was the most efficient pesticide against the third larval instar of Giza governorate strain of C. capitata recording values of both LC50 and LC90 of 62.165 and 193.985 ppm, respectively. The other three used insecticides arranged, according to LC50 and LC90, as Emaskim 1.9%EC (63.657 and 195.58 ppm), Proclaim 5%SG (72.179 and 412.928 ppm) and Spintor 24%SC (99.599 and 448.616 ppm). Slope values of the four pesticides ranged between 1.692- 2.629. Radiant was the standard toxicant. Efficacy of the other tested pesticides, according to LC50 and LC90, were 97.17 and 99.15% (for Emaskim 1.9%EC), 86.13 and 46.97% (for Proclaim 5%SG) and 62.42 and 39.70% (for Spintor 24%SC) of Radiant 12%SC, respectively.1.2.1.2. Qaluobiya governorate strain: Emaskim 1.9%EC was the most potent insecticide, at LC50, against full grown larvae of Qaluobiya governorates strain of C. capitata, whereas Radiant 12%SC was the most efficient at LC90. On the other hand, Spintor 24%SC was the lowest effective toxicant at both LC50 and LC90. Radiant 12%SC had the steepest toxicity line (slope value of 3.157), whereas Emaskim 1.9%EC showed the flattest one (slope value = 1.032). At LC50, toxicity of Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC was lower than that of the standard insecticide (Emaskim 1.9%EC) by 63.82, 54.66 and 13.96%, respectively. 1.2.1.3. Laboratory strain: Radiant 12%SC was the most toxic insecticide showing the lowest LC50 and LC90 values of 29.595 and 77.516 ppm, successively. The other tested compounds (Emaskim 1.9%EC, Proclaim 5%SG and Spintor 24%SC) recorded values of both LC50 and LC90 of 99.493, 77.704, 78.053 and 401.115, 533.813, 458.490 ppm, respectively. Respecting slope values, Radiant 12%SC had the highest value (3.065) showing the steepest toxicity line. Efficacy of the used pesticides (Emaskim 1.9%EC, Proclaim 5%SG and Spintor 24%SC) at LC50, was 24.75, 38.09 and 37.92% of the standard compound, respectively. 1.2.1.4. The tolerance level The field strains of C. capitata of both Giza and Qaluobiya governorates, (comparing to Laboratory strain) showed variable degree of susceptibility to Emaskim 1.9%EC and Proclaim 5%SG. Individuals of Qaluobiya governorate strain were more susceptible to the two insecticides than those of Giza governorate strain. But, the two field strains were more differently tolerable to Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC. 1.2.2. One-day old pupae: 1.2.2.1. Giza governorate strain: Emaskim 1.9%EC surpassed the other tested compounds against 1-day old pupae of Giza governorate field strain at both LC50 and LC90 (52.222 and 755.484ppm, respectively). Toxicity of the other toxicants (Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC), at LC50 and LC90, ranged between 422.525- 682.935 and 4598.659- 40884.98ppm, successively. Slope values were 1.105, 0.954, 0.721 and1.288 for Emaskim 1.9%EC, Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC, respectively. Efficacy of the other insecticides (at LC50 and LC90) was much lower than that of the standard. 1.2.2.2. Qaluobiya governorate strain: According to LC50 value, Emaskim 1.9%EC was the most efficient compound against one-day old pupae of Qaluobiya governorate field strain followed by Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC. Emaskim 1.9%EC showed the steepest toxicity line, whereas Radiant 12%SC had the flattest one. Efficiency of the tested toxicants against 1-day old pupae of Qaluobiya governorate strain was much lower than that of Emaskim 1.9%EC (the standard compound) at both LC50 and LC90. 1.2.2.3. Laboratory strain: At both LC50 and LC90, Emaskim 1.9%EC was the most potent toxicant (85.816 and 397.427 ppm) followed by Spintor 24%SC (251.578 and 1208.687 ppm), Radiant 12%SC (319.232 and 3159.063 ppm) and Proclaim 5%SG (336.730 and 10626.58ppm). Both Emaskim 1.9%EC and Spintor 24%SC had slope values of 1.925 and 1.880, respectively. Efficacy of the other used pesticides (Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC) was 25.485, 26.882 and 34.111% of the standard (Emaskim 1.9%EC) at LC50. 1.2.2.4. The tolerance level Data indicated that 1-day old pupae of Giza governorate strain of C. capitata were more susceptible to Emaskim 1.9%EC (R.F.= 0.63), but they slightly tolerated the other three tested compounds of Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC (R.F.= 1.25, 2.13 and 1.84, respectively). Whereas, the resistance factor of Qaluobiya governorate strain was 0.91, 0.98, 1.63 and 2.35 for Emaskim 1.9%EC, Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC, successively. 1.2.3. Three-day old pupae: 1.2.3.1. Giza governorate strain: At both LC50 and LC90, Emaskim 1.9%EC was the most effective pesticide (174.055 and 1354.044 ppm), whereas Proclaim 5%SG was the lowest one (1602.507 and 27142.43 ppm). Slope values of LC-p lines of the used pesticides ranged between 1.043- 1.676. Efficiency of Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC was much lower than that of Emaskim 1.9%EC (the standard compound) by 10.861, 15.731, 17.731 and 4.98, 9.39, 23.97%, respectively. 1.2.3.2. Qaluobiya governorate strain: The used pesticides could be arranged according to their toxicity at both LC50 and LC90 against 3-day pupae as Emaskim 1.9%EC, Spintor 24%SC, Radiant 12%SC and Proclaim 5%SG.Emaskim 1.9%EC had the steepest toxicity line (slope= 2.48), whereas Proclaim 5%SG had the flattest one (slope= 0.501). Respecting toxicity index, efficacy of the three tested pesticides of Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC was much lower than that of Emaskim 1.9%EC (the standard) by 9.044, 10.991, 16.123% (at LC50), respectively. 1.2.3.3. Laboratory strain: Three-day old pupae of C. capitata Laboratory strain was differently affected when treated in sand with Emaskim 1.9%EC, Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC. Emaskim 1.9%EC was the most efficient. The other pesticides could be arranged according to effectiveness at LC50 as Spintor 24%SC, Radiant 12%SC and Proclaim 5%SG. Emaskim 1.9%EC vhad the steepest LC-p line, whereas Radiant 12%SC had the flattest one. Potency of the used pesticides (Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC) were 14.862, 15.775, 15.991 % of Emaskim 1.9%EC, respectively. 1.2.3.4. The tolerance level Three-day old pupae of the Mediterranean fruit fly of Giza and Qaluobiya governorates field strains treated in sand showed various degree of tolerance to the four tested insecticides. The tolerance level of Giza governorate strain to Emaskim 1.9%EC and Radiant 12%SC was the same R.F.= 1.69 for each). Also, the same was nearly true in case of Qaluobiya governorate strain to Emaskim 1.9%EC and Spintor 24%SC (R.F.= 1.55 and 1.53, respectively). The resistance factor values of Giza strain were 2.31 (Proclaim 5%SG) and 1.50 (Spintor 24%SC), but those of Qaluobiya governorate strain were 2.54 (Proclaim 5%SG) and 2.22 (Radiant 12%SC).1.2.4. Five-day old pupae: 1.2.4.1. Giza governorate strain: Emaskim 1.9%EC was the most toxic insecticide (considering the standard toxicant) against 5-day old pupae of Giza governorate strain recording LC50 and LC90 of 140.633 and 529.394 ppm, respectively. The same compound had the steepest toxicity line showing the highest slope value of 2.226. Proclaim 5%SG was the second recording LC50 and LC90 values of 1960.961 and 29952.05ppm, successively. The other two compounds (Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC) were much lower toxic than the standard (Emaskim 1.9%EC) recording the lowest values of both LC50 and LC90. 1.2.4.2. Qaluobiya governorate strain: At LC50 values, Emaskim 1.9%EC was the most toxic (155.462 ppm) followed by Proclaim (804.493 ppm), Radiant 12%SC (2863.307 ppm) and Spintor 24%SC (3839.909 ppm), but at LC90 values, they arranged as Emaskim 1.9%EC, Proclaim 5%SG, Spintor 24%SC and Radiant 12%SC. The corresponding LC90 values were 570.734, 5768.279, 45613.56 and 386907.3 ppm, respectively. Emaskim 1.9%EC had the steepest toxicity line (2.269), whereas Radiant 12%SC had the flattest one (0.602). Respecting Emaskim 1.9%EC the standard compound (at both LC50 and LC90), the efficiency of the other used pesticides ranged between 4.049- 19.324% (at LC50) and 0.149- 9.894% (at LC90) of the standard. 1.2.4.3. Laboratory strain: The tested insecticides arranged as Emaskim 1.9%EC, Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC. The corresponding LC50 and LC90 values were 116.999, 426.549; 947.499, 11419.47; 1451.261, 15466.09 and 4010.211, 69586.89 ppm. Emaskim 1.9%EC was much more steeper than the others showing the highest slope value of 2.281, while Spintor 24%SC had the flattest toxicity line recording slope value of 1.034. The potency of the tested insecticides differed against 5-day old pupae of Laboratory strain at both LC50 and LC90, where Emaskim 1.9%EC was the most potent compound (the standard). The effectiveness of the other toxicants ranged between 2.918- 12.348% (at LC50) and 0.613- 3.735% (at LC90) of the standard insecticide. 1.2.4.4. The tolerance level The pupal stage of 5-day old of Giza governorate strain was more tolerable to Radiant 12%SC (R.F.= 3.44) in sandy soil. The degree of tolerance to Emaskim 1.9%EC, Proclaim 5%SG and Spintor 24%SC was 1.20, 2.07 and 1.12 of the Laboratory strain. Individuals of Qaluobiya governorate strain showed slightly tolerance to Emaskim 1.9%EC (R.F.= 1.33) and Radiant 12%SC (R.F.= 1.97), but they were susceptible to Proclaim 5%SG (R.F.= 0.85) and Spintor 24%SC (R.F.= 0.96). 1.2.5. Recapitulation of data: According to LC50 values, the third larval instar of C. capitata of the three tested strains was the most susceptible to the four used insecticides in sandy soil, except with Emaskim 1.9%EC in Giza governorate and Laboratory strains, where 1- day old pupae were more susceptible than full grown larvae. Five-day old pupae of both Giza and Qaluobiya governorates strains on one side and Qaluobiya governorate strain only on the other side were more susceptible than 3-day old pupae to Emaskim 1.9%EC and Proclaim 5%SG, respectively. 2- Effect of the Tested bio-pesticides on Certain biochemical Components: 2.1. Glucose: 2.1.1. Pupae: Data revealed that the differences of glucose levels in 4-day old pupae of the used strains of C. capitata treated as 1-day old pupae with LC50 of the four tested insecticides was statistically significant. The used pesticides increased glucose levels in treated individuals of the two field strains of Giza and Qaluobiya governorates than that of control ones. But, in case of Laboratory strain, comparing to untreated pupae, Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC significantly increased glucose levels, whereas Emaskim 1.9%EC and Proclaim 5%SG significantly reduced glucose levels. 2.1.2. Adult: Glucose levels in newly emerged adults of Giza governorate strain significantly reduced in treated individuals than that of untreated ones. Radiant 12%SC and Proclaim 5%SG showed the lowest values of glucose levels. But, in Qaluobiya governorate strain, Spintor 24%SC only significantly decreased glucose levels, whereas the other three compounds (Emaskim 1.9%EC, Proclaim 5%SG and Radiant 12%SC) caused significantly increment in glucose levels. A high significantly increment was obtained in adults of Laboratory strain by Proclaim 5%SG comparing to untreated individuals.2.2. Phosphatases: 2.2.1. Acid Phosphatase: 2.2.1.1. Pupae: Data indicated that Emaskim 1.9%EC, Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC caused a significant increment in activity of acid phosphatase in the two field strains of Giza and Qaluobiya governorates. In Giza governorate strain, the differences in activities of acid phosphatase between Proclaim 5%SG and Radiant 12%SC as well as Emaskim 1.9%EC and Spintor 24%SC were insignificant, but they significantly varied with those of untreated individuals. In case of Qaluobiya governorate strain, the differences between the three tested insecticides of Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC were insignificant, but they high significantly differed with those of both Emaskim 1.9%EC and control. Individuals of Laboratory strain were differently and significantly affected, where the highest amount was shown with Spintor 24%SC. 2.2.1.2. Adult: All tested insecticides increased activity of acid phosphatase in newly emerged adults of C. capitata of the three used strains, except with Proclaim 5%SG that decreased it in case of Laboratory strain. Proclaim 5%SG recorded the highest amounts of acid phosphatase for both Giza and Qaluobiya governorates strains. The lowest values of these strains were investigated with untreated individuals. On the other hand, Radiant 12%SC gave the highest activity in Laboratory strain. Statistical analysis of variance proved that the differences in activity of acid phosphatase between treatments were significant.2.2.2. Alkaline phosphatase: 2.2.2.1. Pupae: All used pesticides significantly increased activities of alkaline phosphatase in the tested strains comparing to untreated control. In case of Giza governorate strain, Proclaim 5%SG recorded the highest value followed significantly by Radiant 12%SC. The difference in alkaline phosphatase activities between Emaskim 1.9%EC and Spintor 24%SC was insignificant. But, in case of Qaluobiya governorate strain, the three insecticides of Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC insignificantly showed the highest values of alkaline phosphatase. Radiant 12%SC significantly increased amount of alkaline phosphatase of Laboratory strain. 2.2.2.2. Adult: The tested insecticides differently and significantly enhanced chemosynthesis of alkaline phosphatase increasing it in newly emerged adults of the three used strains. Proclaim 5%SG significantly recorded the highest values of alkaline phosphatase in the two field strains of Giza and Qaluobiya governorates, while Spintor 24%SC significantly showed the highest value in Laboratory strain. 2.3. Total protein: 2.3.1. Pupae: Total protein contents in 4-day old pupae of Giza governorate strain arranged as 41.267, 27.200, 20.333, 15.967 and 12.600 mg/g.b.w. for Spintor 24%SC, Emaskim 1.9%EC, Radiant 12%SC, Proclaim 5%SG and untreated individuals, respectively. The differences in total proteins amounts betweenSpintor 24%SC and other treatments were statistically significant. Respecting Qaluobiya governorate strain, Proclaim 5%SG and Emaskim 1.9%EC insignificantly recorded the highest values of total protein. Total protein contents of Laboratory strain were significantly varied according to treatments. The highest value was observed with Proclaim 5%SG, whereas the lowest one was shown with Emaskim 1.9%EC. 2.3.2. Adults: Total protein contents in newly emerged adults of C. capitata of three tested strains were significantly varied according to treatments. In Giza governorate strain, Emaskim 1.9%EC and Proclaim 5%SG caused a significantly increment in total protein amounts than that of check which insignificantly varied with both Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC. In case of Qaluobiya governorate strain, the differences in total protein contents between Emaskim 1.9%EC and Radiant 12%SC as well as between Proclaim 5%SG and untreated individuals were statistically insignificant. Respecting Laboratory strain, Radiant 12%SC significantly recorded the highest value followed by Spintor 24%SC which significantly differed with Proclaim 5%SG and check. |