الفهرس 
Rearing TechniqueOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Toxicity and physio-toxic actions of certain bio-pesticides
(Emaskim 1.9%EC, Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant 12%SC and
Spintor 24%SC) was evaluated with different concentrations as
contact poisons or in sandy soil against both larval and pupal
stages of three strains (Giza, Qaluobiya governorates and
Laboratory strains) of C. capitata under laboratory conditions.
1. Toxicity of Certain bio-pesticides Against Some Immature
Stages of Ceratitis capitata Under Laboratory Conditions:
1.1. Surface contact treatment:
1.1.1. Full grown larvae:
1.1.1.1. Giza governorate strain:
Spintor 24%SC was the most effective compound as
contact toxicant to full grown larvae of C. capitata of Giza
governorate strain at both LC50 and LC90 followed by Proclaim
5%SG, Radiant 12%SC and Emaskim 1.9%EC. The LC50 and
LC90 values were 129.633, 161.968, 199.649, 313.615 and
869.446, 954.436, 1114.517, 1375.458 ppm, respectively.
Proclaim 5%SG and Radiant 12%SC nearly had the same values
of slope (1.667 and 1.716, respectively). Toxicity index at both
LC50 showed that Spintor 24%SC was the standard toxicant. The
descending efficiency of the other compounds was 41.34, 80.04
and 64.93% for Emaskim 1.9%EC, Proclaim 5%SG and Radiant
12%SC, respectively, while it was 63.21,91.10 and 78.01% at
LC90 for the som bio-pesticides 1.1.1.2. Qaluobiya governorate strain:
At LC50, Spintor 24%SC was the superior (109.340ppm)
against full grown larvae of Qaluobiya governorate strain of C.
capitata followed by Proclaim 5%SG (128.834 ppm), Radiant
12%SC (192.596 ppm) and Emaskim 1.9%EC (228.723 ppm).
But, at LC90, Emaskim 1.9%EC was the most potent compound
(680.692 ppm) and Spintor 24%SC was the worest of 3315.306
ppm. Emaskim 1.9%EC had the steepest LC-p line of 2.641,
whereas Spintor 24%SC was the flattest one of 0.865. At LC50,
Spintor 24%SC was the standard compound. The other tested
pesticides (Emaskim 1.9%EC, Proclaim 5%SG and Radiant
12%SC) were 49.09, 84.87 and 56.77% of the standard,
successively.
1.1.1.3. Laboratory strain:
Data indicated that Proclaim 5%SG was the most effective
toxicant against the third larval instar of Laboratory strain of C.
capitata at both LC50 and LC90 (35.437 and 124.718ppm,
respectively). The efficiency of the other pesticides (Emaskim
1.9%EC, Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC) ranged between
157.437- 239.767 and 468.247- 1592.783ppm at both LC50 and
LC90, respectively. Slope values of toxicity lines were 2.968,
2.345, 1.274 and 2.759 for Emaskim 1.9%EC, Proclaim 5%SG,
Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC, respectively. The efficacy
of the used compounds at both LC50 and LC90 were 14.78, 19.24;
22.56, 7.83 and 22.23, 26.63% of Proclaim (the standard) for
Emaskim 1.9%EC, Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC,
respectively.1.1.1.4. The tolerance level
The two tested field strains of Giza and Qaluobiya
governorates were more tolerant to Proclaim 5%SG recording
resistance factor of 4.57 and 3.63, respectively. The tolerance
level of the two strains to Radiant 12%SC was nearly the same
(1.27 for Giza governorate strain and 1.22 for Qaluobiya
governorate strain). The Mediterranean fruit fly of Qaluobiya
governorate strain was more susceptible to Emaskim 1.9%EC,
whereas Giza governorate strain showed slightly degree of
tolerance (R.F.=1.30). The two field strains of C. capitata were
more susceptible to Spintor 24%SC than the laboratory strain.
1.2. Sandy soil treatment:
1.2.1. Full grown larvae:
1.2.1.1. Giza governorate strain:
Radiant 12%SC was the most efficient pesticide against the
third larval instar of Giza governorate strain of C. capitata
recording values of both LC50 and LC90 of 62.165 and 193.985
ppm, respectively. The other three used insecticides arranged,
according to LC50 and LC90, as Emaskim 1.9%EC (63.657 and
195.58 ppm), Proclaim 5%SG (72.179 and 412.928 ppm) and
Spintor 24%SC (99.599 and 448.616 ppm). Slope values of the
four pesticides ranged between 1.692- 2.629. Radiant was the
standard toxicant. Efficacy of the other tested pesticides, according
to LC50 and LC90, were 97.17 and 99.15% (for Emaskim 1.9%EC),
86.13 and 46.97% (for Proclaim 5%SG) and 62.42 and 39.70%
(for Spintor 24%SC) of Radiant 12%SC, respectively.1.2.1.2. Qaluobiya governorate strain:
Emaskim 1.9%EC was the most potent insecticide, at LC50,
against full grown larvae of Qaluobiya governorates strain of C.
capitata, whereas Radiant 12%SC was the most efficient at
LC90. On the other hand, Spintor 24%SC was the lowest
effective toxicant at both LC50 and LC90. Radiant 12%SC had the
steepest toxicity line (slope value of 3.157), whereas Emaskim
1.9%EC showed the flattest one (slope value = 1.032). At LC50,
toxicity of Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC
was lower than that of the standard insecticide (Emaskim
1.9%EC) by 63.82, 54.66 and 13.96%, respectively.
1.2.1.3. Laboratory strain:
Radiant 12%SC was the most toxic insecticide showing the
lowest LC50 and LC90 values of 29.595 and 77.516 ppm,
successively. The other tested compounds (Emaskim 1.9%EC,
Proclaim 5%SG and Spintor 24%SC) recorded values of both
LC50 and LC90 of 99.493, 77.704, 78.053 and 401.115, 533.813,
458.490 ppm, respectively. Respecting slope values, Radiant
12%SC had the highest value (3.065) showing the steepest
toxicity line. Efficacy of the used pesticides (Emaskim 1.9%EC,
Proclaim 5%SG and Spintor 24%SC) at LC50, was 24.75, 38.09
and 37.92% of the standard compound, respectively.
1.2.1.4. The tolerance level
The field strains of C. capitata of both Giza and Qaluobiya
governorates, (comparing to Laboratory strain) showed variable
degree of susceptibility to Emaskim 1.9%EC and Proclaim
5%SG. Individuals of Qaluobiya governorate strain were more
susceptible to the two insecticides than those of Giza governorate strain. But, the two field strains were more
differently tolerable to Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC.
1.2.2. One-day old pupae:
1.2.2.1. Giza governorate strain:
Emaskim 1.9%EC surpassed the other tested compounds
against 1-day old pupae of Giza governorate field strain at both
LC50 and LC90 (52.222 and 755.484ppm, respectively). Toxicity
of the other toxicants (Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant 12%SC and
Spintor 24%SC), at LC50 and LC90, ranged between 422.525-
682.935 and 4598.659- 40884.98ppm, successively. Slope values
were 1.105, 0.954, 0.721 and1.288 for Emaskim 1.9%EC,
Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC,
respectively. Efficacy of the other insecticides (at LC50 and
LC90) was much lower than that of the standard.
1.2.2.2. Qaluobiya governorate strain:
According to LC50 value, Emaskim 1.9%EC was the most
efficient compound against one-day old pupae of Qaluobiya
governorate field strain followed by Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant
12%SC and Spintor 24%SC. Emaskim 1.9%EC showed the
steepest toxicity line, whereas Radiant 12%SC had the flattest
one. Efficiency of the tested toxicants against 1-day old pupae of
Qaluobiya governorate strain was much lower than that of
Emaskim 1.9%EC (the standard compound) at both LC50 and
LC90.
1.2.2.3. Laboratory strain:
At both LC50 and LC90, Emaskim 1.9%EC was the most
potent toxicant (85.816 and 397.427 ppm) followed by Spintor
24%SC (251.578 and 1208.687 ppm), Radiant 12%SC (319.232
and 3159.063 ppm) and Proclaim 5%SG (336.730 and 10626.58ppm). Both Emaskim 1.9%EC and Spintor 24%SC had
slope values of 1.925 and 1.880, respectively. Efficacy of the
other used pesticides (Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant 12%SC and
Spintor 24%SC) was 25.485, 26.882 and 34.111% of the
standard (Emaskim 1.9%EC) at LC50.
1.2.2.4. The tolerance level
Data indicated that 1-day old pupae of Giza governorate
strain of C. capitata were more susceptible to Emaskim 1.9%EC
(R.F.= 0.63), but they slightly tolerated the other three tested
compounds of Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant 12%SC and Spintor
24%SC (R.F.= 1.25, 2.13 and 1.84, respectively). Whereas, the
resistance factor of Qaluobiya governorate strain was 0.91, 0.98,
1.63 and 2.35 for Emaskim 1.9%EC, Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant
12%SC and Spintor 24%SC, successively.
1.2.3. Three-day old pupae:
1.2.3.1. Giza governorate strain:
At both LC50 and LC90, Emaskim 1.9%EC was the most
effective pesticide (174.055 and 1354.044 ppm), whereas
Proclaim 5%SG was the lowest one (1602.507 and 27142.43
ppm). Slope values of LC-p lines of the used pesticides ranged
between 1.043- 1.676. Efficiency of Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant
12%SC and Spintor 24%SC was much lower than that of
Emaskim 1.9%EC (the standard compound) by 10.861, 15.731,
17.731 and 4.98, 9.39, 23.97%, respectively.
1.2.3.2. Qaluobiya governorate strain:
The used pesticides could be arranged according to their
toxicity at both LC50 and LC90 against 3-day pupae as Emaskim
1.9%EC, Spintor 24%SC, Radiant 12%SC and Proclaim 5%SG.Emaskim 1.9%EC had the steepest toxicity line (slope= 2.48),
whereas Proclaim 5%SG had the flattest one (slope= 0.501).
Respecting toxicity index, efficacy of the three tested pesticides
of Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC was
much lower than that of Emaskim 1.9%EC (the standard) by
9.044, 10.991, 16.123% (at LC50), respectively.
1.2.3.3. Laboratory strain:
Three-day old pupae of C. capitata Laboratory strain was
differently affected when treated in sand with Emaskim 1.9%EC,
Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC. Emaskim
1.9%EC was the most efficient. The other pesticides could be
arranged according to effectiveness at LC50 as Spintor 24%SC,
Radiant 12%SC and Proclaim 5%SG. Emaskim 1.9%EC vhad
the steepest LC-p line, whereas Radiant 12%SC had the flattest
one. Potency of the used pesticides (Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant
12%SC and Spintor 24%SC) were 14.862, 15.775, 15.991 % of
Emaskim 1.9%EC, respectively.
1.2.3.4. The tolerance level
Three-day old pupae of the Mediterranean fruit fly of Giza
and Qaluobiya governorates field strains treated in sand showed
various degree of tolerance to the four tested insecticides. The
tolerance level of Giza governorate strain to Emaskim 1.9%EC
and Radiant 12%SC was the same R.F.= 1.69 for each). Also,
the same was nearly true in case of Qaluobiya governorate strain
to Emaskim 1.9%EC and Spintor 24%SC (R.F.= 1.55 and 1.53,
respectively). The resistance factor values of Giza strain were
2.31 (Proclaim 5%SG) and 1.50 (Spintor 24%SC), but those of
Qaluobiya governorate strain were 2.54 (Proclaim 5%SG) and
2.22 (Radiant 12%SC).1.2.4. Five-day old pupae:
1.2.4.1. Giza governorate strain:
Emaskim 1.9%EC was the most toxic insecticide
(considering the standard toxicant) against 5-day old pupae of
Giza governorate strain recording LC50 and LC90 of 140.633 and
529.394 ppm, respectively. The same compound had the steepest
toxicity line showing the highest slope value of 2.226. Proclaim
5%SG was the second recording LC50 and LC90 values of
1960.961 and 29952.05ppm, successively. The other two
compounds (Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC) were much
lower toxic than the standard (Emaskim 1.9%EC) recording the
lowest values of both LC50 and LC90.
1.2.4.2. Qaluobiya governorate strain:
At LC50 values, Emaskim 1.9%EC was the most toxic
(155.462 ppm) followed by Proclaim (804.493 ppm), Radiant
12%SC (2863.307 ppm) and Spintor 24%SC (3839.909 ppm),
but at LC90 values, they arranged as Emaskim 1.9%EC, Proclaim
5%SG, Spintor 24%SC and Radiant 12%SC. The corresponding
LC90 values were 570.734, 5768.279, 45613.56 and 386907.3
ppm, respectively. Emaskim 1.9%EC had the steepest toxicity
line (2.269), whereas Radiant 12%SC had the flattest one
(0.602). Respecting Emaskim 1.9%EC the standard compound
(at both LC50 and LC90), the efficiency of the other used
pesticides ranged between 4.049- 19.324% (at LC50) and 0.149-
9.894% (at LC90) of the standard.
1.2.4.3. Laboratory strain:
The tested insecticides arranged as Emaskim 1.9%EC,
Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC. The corresponding LC50 and LC90 values were 116.999, 426.549;
947.499, 11419.47; 1451.261, 15466.09 and 4010.211, 69586.89
ppm. Emaskim 1.9%EC was much more steeper than the others
showing the highest slope value of 2.281, while Spintor 24%SC
had the flattest toxicity line recording slope value of 1.034. The
potency of the tested insecticides differed against 5-day old
pupae of Laboratory strain at both LC50 and LC90, where
Emaskim 1.9%EC was the most potent compound (the standard).
The effectiveness of the other toxicants ranged between 2.918-
12.348% (at LC50) and 0.613- 3.735% (at LC90) of the standard
insecticide.
1.2.4.4. The tolerance level
The pupal stage of 5-day old of Giza governorate strain was
more tolerable to Radiant 12%SC (R.F.= 3.44) in sandy soil. The
degree of tolerance to Emaskim 1.9%EC, Proclaim 5%SG and
Spintor 24%SC was 1.20, 2.07 and 1.12 of the Laboratory strain.
Individuals of Qaluobiya governorate strain showed slightly
tolerance to Emaskim 1.9%EC (R.F.= 1.33) and Radiant 12%SC
(R.F.= 1.97), but they were susceptible to Proclaim 5%SG (R.F.=
0.85) and Spintor 24%SC (R.F.= 0.96).
1.2.5. Recapitulation of data:
According to LC50 values, the third larval instar of C.
capitata of the three tested strains was the most susceptible to
the four used insecticides in sandy soil, except with Emaskim
1.9%EC in Giza governorate and Laboratory strains, where 1-
day old pupae were more susceptible than full grown larvae.
Five-day old pupae of both Giza and Qaluobiya governorates
strains on one side and Qaluobiya governorate strain only on the other side were more susceptible than 3-day old pupae to
Emaskim 1.9%EC and Proclaim 5%SG, respectively.
2- Effect of the Tested bio-pesticides on Certain biochemical
Components:
2.1. Glucose:
2.1.1. Pupae:
Data revealed that the differences of glucose levels in 4-day
old pupae of the used strains of C. capitata treated as 1-day old
pupae with LC50 of the four tested insecticides was statistically
significant. The used pesticides increased glucose levels in
treated individuals of the two field strains of Giza and Qaluobiya
governorates than that of control ones. But, in case of Laboratory
strain, comparing to untreated pupae, Radiant 12%SC and
Spintor 24%SC significantly increased glucose levels, whereas
Emaskim 1.9%EC and Proclaim 5%SG significantly reduced
glucose levels.
2.1.2. Adult:
Glucose levels in newly emerged adults of Giza
governorate strain significantly reduced in treated individuals
than that of untreated ones. Radiant 12%SC and Proclaim 5%SG
showed the lowest values of glucose levels. But, in Qaluobiya
governorate strain, Spintor 24%SC only significantly decreased
glucose levels, whereas the other three compounds (Emaskim
1.9%EC, Proclaim 5%SG and Radiant 12%SC) caused
significantly increment in glucose levels. A high significantly
increment was obtained in adults of Laboratory strain by
Proclaim 5%SG comparing to untreated individuals.2.2. Phosphatases:
2.2.1. Acid Phosphatase:
2.2.1.1. Pupae:
Data indicated that Emaskim 1.9%EC, Proclaim 5%SG,
Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC caused a significant
increment in activity of acid phosphatase in the two field strains
of Giza and Qaluobiya governorates. In Giza governorate strain,
the differences in activities of acid phosphatase between
Proclaim 5%SG and Radiant 12%SC as well as Emaskim
1.9%EC and Spintor 24%SC were insignificant, but they
significantly varied with those of untreated individuals. In case
of Qaluobiya governorate strain, the differences between the
three tested insecticides of Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant 12%SC and
Spintor 24%SC were insignificant, but they high significantly
differed with those of both Emaskim 1.9%EC and control.
Individuals of Laboratory strain were differently and
significantly affected, where the highest amount was shown with
Spintor 24%SC.
2.2.1.2. Adult:
All tested insecticides increased activity of acid
phosphatase in newly emerged adults of C. capitata of the three
used strains, except with Proclaim 5%SG that decreased it in
case of Laboratory strain. Proclaim 5%SG recorded the highest
amounts of acid phosphatase for both Giza and Qaluobiya
governorates strains. The lowest values of these strains were
investigated with untreated individuals. On the other hand,
Radiant 12%SC gave the highest activity in Laboratory strain.
Statistical analysis of variance proved that the differences in
activity of acid phosphatase between treatments were significant.2.2.2. Alkaline phosphatase:
2.2.2.1. Pupae:
All used pesticides significantly increased activities of
alkaline phosphatase in the tested strains comparing to untreated
control. In case of Giza governorate strain, Proclaim 5%SG
recorded the highest value followed significantly by Radiant
12%SC. The difference in alkaline phosphatase activities
between Emaskim 1.9%EC and Spintor 24%SC was
insignificant. But, in case of Qaluobiya governorate strain, the
three insecticides of Proclaim 5%SG, Radiant 12%SC and
Spintor 24%SC insignificantly showed the highest values of
alkaline phosphatase. Radiant 12%SC significantly increased
amount of alkaline phosphatase of Laboratory strain.
2.2.2.2. Adult:
The tested insecticides differently and significantly
enhanced chemosynthesis of alkaline phosphatase increasing it
in newly emerged adults of the three used strains. Proclaim
5%SG significantly recorded the highest values of alkaline
phosphatase in the two field strains of Giza and Qaluobiya
governorates, while Spintor 24%SC significantly showed the
highest value in Laboratory strain.
2.3. Total protein:
2.3.1. Pupae:
Total protein contents in 4-day old pupae of Giza
governorate strain arranged as 41.267, 27.200, 20.333, 15.967
and 12.600 mg/g.b.w. for Spintor 24%SC, Emaskim 1.9%EC,
Radiant 12%SC, Proclaim 5%SG and untreated individuals,
respectively. The differences in total proteins amounts betweenSpintor 24%SC and other treatments were statistically
significant. Respecting Qaluobiya governorate strain, Proclaim
5%SG and Emaskim 1.9%EC insignificantly recorded the
highest values of total protein. Total protein contents of
Laboratory strain were significantly varied according to
treatments. The highest value was observed with Proclaim
5%SG, whereas the lowest one was shown with Emaskim
1.9%EC.
2.3.2. Adults:
Total protein contents in newly emerged adults of C.
capitata of three tested strains were significantly varied
according to treatments. In Giza governorate strain, Emaskim
1.9%EC and Proclaim 5%SG caused a significantly increment in
total protein amounts than that of check which insignificantly
varied with both Radiant 12%SC and Spintor 24%SC. In case of
Qaluobiya governorate strain, the differences in total protein
contents between Emaskim 1.9%EC and Radiant 12%SC as well
as between Proclaim 5%SG and untreated individuals were
statistically insignificant. Respecting Laboratory strain, Radiant
12%SC significantly recorded the highest value followed by
Spintor 24%SC which significantly differed with Proclaim
5%SG and check.