الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
GOLD defines COPD as a common preventable and treatable disease, characterized by persistent airflow limitation that is usually progressive and associated with an enhanced chronic inflammatory response in the airways and the lung to noxious particles or gases. Exacerbations and comorbidities contribute to the overall severity in individual patients.(12)
SP-D can be detected in serum and increased serum levels have been reported for lung diseases such as pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, cystic fibrosis, COPD, and for infectious diseases like tuberculosis and bacterial pneumonia.(10, 12)
This study was carried out on 75 persons, tewenty five of them were non-smokers healthy volunteers included as a control group.
The rest were 50 patients with COPD diagnosed and classified according to GOLD 2013.(9) These patients were classified into 2 groups:
Group (B): 25 stable COPD patients.
Group (C): 25 COPD patients in acute exacerbations.
All persons in the present study underwent full history taking, complete clinical examination, routine laboratory investigations, chest X-ray (poster- anterior and lateral views) to assess general and chest conditions. They also underwent pulmonary function tests.