الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Personalized medicine aims to tailor the medical treatment to the individual characteristics of each patient and it has become a reality with the sequencing of the human genome, advances in medical genetics, and several technologies including medical diagnostics, genotyping, and proteomics.
Personalized cancer therapy is based on that each individual solid tumor and hematologic malignancy in each person is unique in cause, rate of progression and responsiveness to surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Genomic and proteomic technologies have made it possible to subclassify diseases individually using the knowledge of the molecular basis of cancer. The selective targeting of cancer cells by personalized cancer therapy has been proved to be more beneficial than standard chemotherapy.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease that involves multiple pathways, and it arises as the result of the accumulation of acquired genetic and epigenetic changes that transform normal glandular epithelial cells into invasive adenocarcinomas. Adenomas or polyps undergo mutational events such as loss of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene and p53 mutations.
Chromosomal instability (CIN), Microsatellite instability (MSI), CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), and global DNA hypomethylation are the most common kinds of genomic or epigenomic instability that have been described in patients with CRC.
Specific signalling pathways or genes have been found to be commonly affected in CRC including the WNT-β-catenin signaling pathway, the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway, the Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)–mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway-protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) pathway, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway.
The current modalities for diagnosis of CRC include fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) and fecal immunochemistry tests (FIT), flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS), colonoscopy, double contrast barium enema (DCBE), and computed tomography colonography (CTC), magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and endorectal Ultrasound (ERUS). In recent years, strategies for CRC diagnosis involve also the analysis of DNA, RNA and protein markers in different biological stool, blood and urine samples.