الفهرس 
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Abstract
Osteoporosis is a disease characterised by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. Osteoporosis leads to nearly 9 million fractures annually worldwide. Once fractures start to occur, quality of life can be significantly reduced .Therefore, early intervention to prevent the progression of osteoporosis is important. (Nelson, Morris, Kraemer, Mahon, Carney & Nygren, 2011).
Risk factors for osteoporosis can be classified as modifiable and non-modifiable. Modifiable risk factors include: smoking, current low body weight regardless of height, early menopause (< 45 years of age), excessive alcohol intake and soft drink, sedentary lifestyle, low calcium intake and poor general health (Janz, 2009). Non-modifiable factors include ethnic, advanced age, family history, immobilization and delayed puberty and nulliparity (Allegrante et al., 2011)
Nutrition is an important modifiable factor in the development and maintenance of bone mass. The peak bone mass in the young can be increased and the rate of bone loss in the elderly possibly be reduced by dietary manipulation, which would be important & beneficial in the prevention of osteoporosis (Tucker & Ward, 2010).
The aim of the study was to examine the effect of health education intervention for female employees towards osteoporosis. This aim could be fulfilled through the following assess female employees knowledge about osteoporosis, identify the risk factors for osteoporosis, change health habits of female employees to healthy life style, plan and implement an intervention for female employees regarding osteoporosis, -100-
and evaluate the effecting of intervention on knowledge and habits of
female employees.
This study was conducted in the administration building at Helwan
University, at Cairo city. Helwan University was established on July 26,
1975, Law No. 70 of 1975. Administration building at Helwan University
consists of 11 Departments (Engineering, accounts, legal affairs, medical
care, quality assurance unit, teaching staff affairs, military, entitlements,
employees’ affairs, youth Welfare and files Department).Subjects were
interviewed at conference hall in the building. The conference hall is
enough for 200 persons.
A systematic random sample composed of 104 female employees
that represent 20% of total number of female employees (518) were
recruited according the following criteria:
1. Female age ranged between 35-60 years old.
2. Agreed to participate in the study.
3. Didn’t attend any educational program about osteoporosis
before the study.
Data collection tools:-
Two tools were developed by the researcher to collect the data:
I. First tool: interviewing Questionnaire: This questionnaire was
designed to collect data about the subjects. It consists of the following
A. Socio-demographic characteristics: included age, level of
education, marital Status and monthly income number of family member
B. Reproductive health data: included age at first menarche, number
of pregnancies, number of abortion, number of deliveries, contraceptive
methods. C. Health problems including: medical history and family history of osteoporosis.
D- Dietary habits and exercise such as the amount of salt in foods, pickles, foods rich in calcium, foods rich in protein, foods rich in fiber. Intake of drinks such as milk, tea, nescafe, coffee, and soft drinks, Smoking, passive smoking, exposure to sun and practice exercise.
E. Assessment of knowledge about osteoporosis: including definition, signs & symptoms, main cause of osteoporosis, gender risk, reasons of awareness for osteoporosis, risk factors, sources of calcium in food, method of prevention, diagnostic methods, treatment, protective exercises and protective foods of osteoporosis.
2. Second Tool: physiological measurement tool :Consists of the two parts.
Measure bone mineral density by Peripheral Dual Energy X-Ray absorptiometry equipped (P-DEXA).
Assess body mass index (BMI) by measure body weight and height.
The study revealed the following main findings:
Less than half of the subjects (42.3%) are between 45<55 years with mean age was 46.16±7.12 years.
Regarding level of education, less than half of the subjects (45.2%) have secondary education, less than one third (29.8 %) have university education and only (4.8%) are above university education.
The majority of the subjects reported not having any of the gastric ulcer, liver disease and renal disease. However, 12.5%, 1 -102- There was statistical significant improvement in the studied subjects knowledge about osteoporosis as (p- value <0.001.) in all knowledge variables.
There was highly statistical significant improvement between pre and post total knowledge score.
There was highly statistical significant relation between the pre - post total knowledge score of the subjects and level of education as p-value <0.001.
There was statistical significant relation between bone mineral density and body mass index as p-value <0.03.
There was highly statistical significant relation between bone mineral density and number of pregnancies as p-value <0.001.
There was highly statistical significance difference between bone mineral density and menopause as p-value <0.001
There was statistical significant relation between intake of milk, tea, coffee, soft drinks and bone mineral density (p-value <0.001, 0.043, 0.032 and 0.024 respectively).
This study concluded that:
The health education intervention for female employees towards osteoporosis was an effective method for raising their knowledge level and increasing awareness about osteoporosis.
The study recommended that:
1. Health education about risk factors and consequences of osteoporosis should be started early as possible from pre-school -104-
Maintain regular exercise for building and increasing bone density
Maintain a healthy body weight.
2. Periodic check up for bone mineral density for early detection of bone loss.
3. Further studies needed to be performed with different factors and different setting.