الفهرس 
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Abstract
Post-thoracotomy pain is one of the most severe and long lasting complications after Surgery which acutely contributes to limit normal respiratory activity impairing the sputum clearance and reducing ventilatory function. Pain in the first few weeks after a thoracotomy arises from a variety of different mechanisms. It may be due to direct surgical trauma to the intercostal nerves, rib spreader (chest retractor), compressive neuroma formation, healing rib fracture, ”frozen” shoulder, local infection (pleurisy, costochondritis and costochondral dislocation), posttraumatic intercostal neuroma, local tumor recurrence, stretch injuries to the intercostal nerves at the costovertebral junction, and further irritation of the pleura by chest tubes. To assess the use of modified French window exposure-double edge technique in decreasing postoperative thoracotomy pain. Our aim assessed the use of modified french window exposure-double edge technique in decreasing postoperative thoracotomy pain. This study was carried on 30 patients indicated for thoracotomy at the Cardiothoracic Surgery Department of Menoufia University Hospital, and they were divided randomly into two groups. Group (A), in which 15 patients had undergone standard posterolateral thoracotomy incision (control group) and group (B), in which 15 patients had undergone thoracotomy by modified French window-double edge closure technique. These two groups were compared regarding operative time,