الفهرس 
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Abstract
Despite the great growing attention devoted for nanomaterials applications in photothermal therapy, very little is known about the potential deleterious effects of the end and by-products following laser irradiation (laser-induced particle modifications) on human and environmental health.The present study examines the toxic effects from laser irradiated gold nanoparticles GNPs), on primary rat kidney cells (PRKCs) in comparison with non-irradiated GNPs. Both spectroscopic and transmission electron microscope (TEM) studies demonstrated that exposure of different sizes of GNPs (13, 25, and 35 nm) to 532 nm pulsed laser (pulse width 5 ns,repetition rate 10 Hz and fluence 250 mJ cm-2) for different irradiation periods, caused a reduction both in optical density and mean particle diameter, depending on the initial particle size and time of irradiation. GNPs underwent aggregation when added to the cell culture medium (DMEM). Aggregation decreased significantly upon adding serum to the medium where smaller particles with improved dispersion were formed. Under our experimental conditions,trypan blue and MTT assays revealed no significant changes in cell viability when PRKCs were incubated with non-irradiated GNPs with an average size of 13 nm over a period of 72 h incubation and up to the highest GNPs concentration used (4 nM). On the contrary, when cells were incubated with irradiated GNPs a significant reduction in PRKCs viability and pronounced increases in LDH and ALP were revealed.The deleterious effect on PRKCs in case of irradiated GNPs was explained on the basis of laser induced size reduction.Keywords: gold nanoparticles, primary rat kidney cells, cytotoxicity, laser.