الفهرس 
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Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to assess the use of visible diode laser, as a low power laser irradiation (LPLI) to enhance fowl semen characteristics and the introduction of exogenous DNA (pUC18-rep gene) into the sperm. Three pooled semen samples from a local fowl in Egypt diluted with BPSE were used in experiment 1. Each semen sample was divided into 6 aliquots, five aliquots were exposed to 650 nm visible diode laser irradiation (continuous wave, cw) at energy doses of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 J/cm2 and one aliquot was non-irradiated. Each (control) sample was evaluated for sperm motility index (SMI), vitality and abnormality immediately after irradiation and after 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. Spermatozoa viability was also evaluated by MTT reduction capacity assay after 1 h. Energy doses of diode laser, ranging from 2 to 6 J/cm2 had higher (P < 0.05) SMI, livability and MTT reduction capacity values compared to the control and samples irradiated with higher visible diode laser doses. The highest sperm motility index and livability were at energy dose of 4 J/cm2 and this dose was therefore selected for experiment 2, to obtain further insight on its effects on fowl semen quality and the uptake of foreign DNA (pUC18-rep gene) into the sperm via 3 methods of gene transfer. In experiment 2, three methods of gene transfer were used lipofectin, the common method used for animal cells and two novel modalities used here for the first time, visible diode laser irradiation (650 nm, cw,4J/cm2) and lipo-lasic (as a combined treatment of both methods i.e. lipofectin and vis. Diode laser irradiation, 4J/cm2), where each of three semen pools were diluted with BPSE and divided into 6 aliquots for 5 different treatments compared to the control. The samples were treated with lipofectin (5%) method, while a pUC18 plasmid was used as a vector, carrying rep gene. Some of the semen samples were subjected to 650 nm diode laser at energy dose of 4 J/cm2. Each sample was evaluated for quality parameters as in experiment 1. Exposure to 4 J/cm2 of diode laser irradiation increased the SMI, viability and MTT reduction capacity of fowl sperm in the group of treatments compared to non irradiated group treatments (P < 0.05). Diode irradiation (4 J/cm2) enhanced (P < 0.05) SMI and, for some extent, the sperm livability. Diode laser, also enhanced the biological activity of the sperm in the presence of the plasmid (rep gene) and lipofectin as a lipo-lasic method. PCR analysis proved that visible diode laser irradiation method enhanced the introduction of partial length of the rep gene, involved in the pUC18 plasmid into the sperm. Also, both lipofectin and lipo-lasic methods enhanced the introduction of the (rep gene) into sperm, where visible diode laser irradiation alleviated the deleterious effect of lipofectin in the lipo-lasic method on the transfected sperm.