الفهرس 
3.1.Definition of thinnessOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Underweight usually refers to people with a body mass index(BMI) of under 18.5.The causes of underweight include Altered response to hunger,which lead to distorted body image,People with liver problems may be unable to absorb nutrients adequately, Eating disorders like anorexia nervosa and People with certain eating disorders can also be underweight due to lack of nutrients/over exercise .underweight can cause anemia and hair loss. it is also associated with increased death rates, especially when combined with cigarette smoking . underweight people can gain weight by exercising as Muscle hypertrophy increases body mass also Weight lifting exercises are effective in helping to improve muscle tone as well as helping with weight gain. Underweight individual may be advised to gain weight by increasing calories intake .herbs and herbal extracts contain different phytochemical compounds with biological activity that may provide therapeutic effects. This study aimed to investigate the effect of some plant herbs(fennel, nutsedge and hops sesame, sea grapes ,soybeans fenugreek, coriander, thymue and cane syrap ) to increase weight. Fivety four adult male albino rats, weighing 120-130 ±10 g were divided into nine groups each with six rats. One of them was negative control group which fed on standard diet and tab water, and the other group was fed on standard diet but other groups fed on low calorie and high fibers diet to get thinness rats (50% reduction of basal diet calories). This group was subdivided into 8 groups to 136 feed on the experimental diets for (4) weeks according to the following: Group (2): 6 rats: positive control group (untreated group) Group (3): 6 rats: treated with 7.5% grinded commercial herbal formula . Group (4): 6 rats: treated with( fennel, nutsedge and hops) as7.5%. Group (5): 6 rats: treated with (fennel, nutsedge, hops )as 7.5% & 5% cane syrup. Group (6): 6 rats: treated with (sesame, sea grapes and soybeans) as7,5% Group (7): 6 rats: treated with (sesame, sea grapes, soybeans )as 7,5% and 5% cane syrap. Group (8): 6 rats: treated with( fenugreek, coriander and thymue) as 7.5%. Group (9): 6 rats: treated with (fenugreek, coriander, thymue) as 7.5% and 5% cane syrap . At the end of experiment (4 weeks), the blood samples were collected after 12 hours fasting and serum was separated for determination of: Lipid profile Cholesterol, triglycerides (T.G), high density lipoprotein (H.D.L-C), low density lipo protein (L.D.L-C), very low density lipo protein (V.L.D.L-C), Atherogeric index, urea, creatinin, uric acid, glotamic oxaloacetic transaminas (G.O.T), glotamic 137 pyruvic transaminase (G.P.T), and alkaline phsphatase (A.L.P),GOT\GPT ratio and glucose. At the same time, the organs: heart, kidney, liver, lungs and spleen were removed, washed in saline solution, dried by filter paper, weighted, and stored frozen in formalin solution 10% for histopathological examinations. Statistical analysis The data were statistically analyzed using a computerized costat program by one way ANOVA. The results are presented as mean± SD. Differences between treatments at (P ≤ 0.05) were considered significant. The obtained results can be summarized as following: Firstly: The Biological Results. The effect of experimental diets on BWG%, F.I, and F.E.R: 1- The mean value of BWG (g/28day)of control (-) group was lower than control (+) group, being 20.1±0.9 and 31.98±1.01% ,respectively showing significant different,with percent of decrease (-37%) of control (-) as control to control (+)group . 2- All slim rats all slim rats fed on various diets indicated significantly increases as compared with positive control group.The values were 129.19±1.005,128.846±0.96, 145.36±1.01, 137.24±1.05, 152.58±0.835, 60.78±1.1 and 92.04±1.010%, respectively. The percent of increases were 138 +303.97, +302.91,+354.53,+329.14,+377.11 ,+90.06 and +187.80 % for groups 3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9,respectively. 3- The best BWG g/28 day was recorded for groups 7 (slim rats fed on sesame, sea grapes and soybeans on 7,5% and 5% cane syrap) when compared to control (+) group. The mean value of feed intake (g/day/rat ) of slim rats fed on variable diets. 1- the mean value of F.I(g/day/rat) of control (-) group was significantly lower than control (+) group, being14.34±1.25 and 19.00-±1.09, respectively, 2- All groups showed non significant differences except group (3) (commercial herbal formula) when compared to group (2) control (+) The values were 23.54±1.15 ,18.66 ±1.01 ,19.46±0.81, 20.00 ±1.00 , 20.26 ± 1.13, 20.1± 0.99 & 19.00 ±- 1.00 g for groups 3,4,5,6,7,8,9 respectively. 3- The best FI was recorded for group 3 (slim rats fed on commercial herbal formula as 7.5% . The mean value of FER of slim rats fed on different diets 1- The mean value of FER of control (-) group was significantly lower when compared to control (+) group, being 0.05 ±0.011 and 0.06 ±0.01 respectively. 2- All slim rats fed on various diets showed significant increases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The values were,0.196 0.247±0.001, 0.267±0.001, 0.245±0.001, 139 0.269±0.001, 0.108±0.001& 0.173 ±0.001for groups 3,4,5,6,7,8 & 9, respectively. 3- The best FER was recorded for group 7 (slim rats fed on sesame, seagrapes and soybeans on 7.5% & 5% cane syrap ). The effect of experimental diets on Weight of internal organs 1- The mean value of relative liver weight % of control (-) group was significantly higher when compared with control (+) group, being, 4.57±0.01% and 2.52±0.01% respectively. 2- All slim rats fed on various diets showed significant increases in mean values as compared to control (+)group. The values were 4.42±0.01, 4.35±0.01, 4.67±0.01, 4.57±0.01, 4.8±0.01, 3.1±0.1and 3.72±0.01 for groups 3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9, respectively. 3- Rats fed on all groups showed significant differences between them. Groups 1&6 showed showed non significant differences between them . 4- The best liver weight was recorded for group 7 (slim rats fed on sesame, seagrapes and soybeans as 7.5% &5% cane syrap ). 5- Heart weight % of slim rats fed on different diets. It could be observed that the mean value of heart relative heart weight of control (-) group was significantly higher when compared with control (+) group, being 0.75±0.01 and 0.41±0.01, respectively, 6- All slim rats fed on various diets showed significantly higher when compared with control (+), the values were 0.73±0.01, 140 0.72±0.01, 0.78±0.01, 0.75±0.01, 0.79±0.01, 0.51+0.01, & 0.62+0.01, respectively. 7- All rats showed significant differences between them when compared to group 1 (healthy rats) except group (6). 8- Groups 3&4 showed non significant differences between them . Also groups (7&5) revealed non significant differences between them. 9- The best relative heart weight % was recorded for groups 7( slim rats fed sesame, sea graps and soybeans as 7.5% & 5% cane syrap) . 10- The mean value of kidneys (%) of control (-) group was significantly higher than control group(+) ,being1.22±0.01 and 0.68 ±0.01 respectively. 11- All slim rats fed on various diets showed significant increase differences in mean values as compared to control (+) groups. The values were 1.18±0.01, 1.16±0.01, 1.25±0.01, 1.24±0.01, 1.28±0.01, 0.82±0.01 and 0.986±0.105,respectively. 12- Groups 5,6&7 showed non significant difference betwen them and with group (1) healthy rate .Non significant differences were found between group 3&4 . 13- The best kidneys weight was revealed for groups 7 (slim rats fed on sesame,seagrapes & soybeans as 7.5% and 5%cane syrap ) when compared to control (+) group. 141 14- The mean value of lungs (%) of control (-) group was significantly higher when compared to control (+), being 0.79±0.01 and 0.44±0.01, respectively. 15- All slim rats fed on various diets showed significant increases in mean values as compared to control (+) groups. The values were 0.77±0.01, 0.75±0.01, 0.82±0.01, 0.79±0.01, 0.83±0.01, 0.56+0.01 & 0.63±0.105 ,respectively. 16- The better lungs weight % was observed for group 7 (slim rats fed on sesame, seagrapes and soybeans on7.5% and 5% cane syrap ). 17- The mean value of relative spleen (%) of control (-) group was significantly higher when compared with control (+) group, being 0.61±0.01& 0.35±0.01 respectively . 18- All slim rats fed on various diets showed significant increases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The values were, 0.59±0.01, 0.58±0.01 ,0.61±0.01, 0.6±0.01, 0.64±0.01, 0.41±0.01 and 0.5±0.105, respectively. 19- The best relative spleen weight was recorded for group7 (slim rats fed on sesame,seagrapes and soybeans on7.5% and 5% cane syrap) . The effect of experimental diets on serum lipids: 1- The mean value of (T.C.) of control (-) group significantly lower when compared with control (+), being 65 ±1 and 150±1 ,respectively. 142 2- All slim rats fed on different diets revealed significant decreases in mean values as compared to control (+) group . The values were 140.00±1.00, 86.00 ±1.00, 80.00±1.00, 70.00±1.00 ,72.00±1.00, 115.00±1.00& 96.00±6.08 mg\dl for groups 3,4,5,6,7,8& 9 respectively. 3- Rats fed on groups (6&7) showed non significant differences between them. The better serum (T.C) was showed for group 6 (slim rats fed on sesame, seagrapes &soybeans on 7.5% ). 4- The mean value of (T.G.) of control (-) group was significantly lower when compared with control (+),being 56.00 ±1& 68.00 ±1 respectively. 5- All slim rats fed on different diets revealed significant decreases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The values were 60.00 ±1.00, 52.00±1.00, 52.00±1.00, 49.00 ±1.00 ,38.00±1.00 ,61 ±1&60.00±1.00 mg\dl. For groups 3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9 respectively 6- Rats fed on groups 3,8 and 9 showed non significant differences between them. Also ,groups 4and 5 showed non significant. The best serum (T.G.) was recorded for group 7 (slim rats fed on sesame, seagrapes and soybeans as 7.5% & 5% cane syrap ). 7- The mean value of (HDL.c) of control (-) group was significantly higher when compared with control (+), being 49.00 ±1.00and 26.00 ±1.00 , respectively, with percent of increase +88.46% . 143 8- All slim rats fed on different diets revealed significant increases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The values were 35.00 ±1.00 , 38.00 ±1.00, 38.00 ±1.00, 40.00 ±1.00, 45.00 ±1.00, 34.00 ±1.00 and 34.00±1.00 for groups 3.4.5.6.7.8&9 respectively 9- Rats fed on groups 4 & 5 showed non significant differences between them. Also, differences between groups 3,8&9 were non significant. 10- The best serum (HDL.c) was observed for group 7 (slim rats fed on sesame ,seagrapes soybeans as 7.5% and 5%cane syrap) when compared to control (+) group. 11- The mean value of (LDL.c) of control (-) group was significantly lower when compared to control (+) group,being 4.8±0.10&110.4±0.1, respectively . 12- All slim rats fed on different diets revealed significant decrease in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The values were 93.00±1.00, 37.6 ±0.1, 37.6 ±0.1 ,20.2 ±0.1 ,19.4 ±0.1 ,68.8 ±0.1 and 51.00 ±1.00 mg\dl. for groups 3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9,respectively. 13- Rats fed on groups 6 and 7 showed non significant differences between them. Groups 3,4,5,8, and 9 indicated significant differences when compared to control( -) group . Rats fed on group 7 (slim rats fed on sesame ,seagrapes ,soybeans as 7.5% and 5% cane syrap ) are recorded the best serum (LDL.c). 144 14- The mean value of (V.L.D.Lc) of control (-) group was significantly lower when compared to control (+) group, being 11.20 ± 0.10&13.60 ±0.10 respectively. 15- All slim rats fed on different diets showed significant decreases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The values were 12.00 ±1.00, 10.40 ±0.10, 10.40±0.10, 9.80 ±0.10, 7.60±0.10, 12.2±0.10 & 12.00±1.00 mg\dl. For 3,4,5,6,7,8,9. 16- Rats fed on groups 3, 8, 9 and healthy rats group (1) respectively showed non significant differences between them. Groups 4, 5 and 6 indicated non significant differences between them. The best treatment was recorded for groups 7 (slim rats fed on sesame , seagrapes ,soybeans as 7.5% and 5% cane syrap )considering serum (V.L.D.Lc). 17- The mean value of (A.I.) of control (-) group was significantly lower when compared to control (+), being 0.33 ±0.01and 4.77 ±0.01(mg\dl) respectively. 18- All slim rats fed on various diets showed significant decreases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The values were 3.00 ±1.00, 1.26 ±0.01, 1.11±0.01, 0.75 ±0.01, 0.60 ±0.01, 2.38 ±0.01 and 1.82 ±1.00 for group 3,4,5,6,7,8 &9 respectively. 19- The best treatment was recorded for group 7(slim rats fed on sesame, seagrapes, soybeans as7.5%&5%cane syrap ) considering serum (A.I.). 145 The effect of experimental diets on Kidney functions 1- The mean value of urea of control (-) group was significantly lower when compared to control (+) ,being 20.00 ±1.00 and 45.00 ±1.00(mg/dl) respectively. 2- Also, all slim rats fed on different diets revealed significant decreases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The values mean were 23.00±1.00, 25.00±1.00, 27.00±1.00, 22.00±1.00, 24.00±1.00, 26.00±1.00 and 28.00 ±1.00, mg/dl for groups 3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9 ,respectively. 3- Groups 3,7 showed non significant difference between them .Also non significant difference were observed between groups (4&8) and (5&9). 4- The best treatment was recorded for group 6 (slim rats fed on sesame, seagrape sand soybeans as7.5%) when compared to control (-) group of serum urea. 5- The mean value of creatinine of control (-) group was significantly lower when compared to control (+), being 0.40 ±0.01 and 0.55 ±0.01 respectively. 6- All groups 3,4,5,6,7,8 &9 showed significantly decreases when compared with control group (+),the values were 0.52±0.01, 0.48 ±0.01, 0.49±0.01, 0.47±0.1, 0.42±0.1, 0.50±0.01 and 0.53±0.01,respectively. 7- the best treatment was recorded for group 7 (slim rats fed on sesame, seagrapes and soybeans as7.5%&5% Cane syrap ). 146 8- The mean value of uric acid of control (-) group was significantly lower when compared with control (+) being 1.90 ±0.10 and 3.60 ±0.10 (mg/dl) respectively. 9- Also ,all slim rats fed on various diets revealed significant decreases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The values were 2.20 ±0.10, 2.20±0.10 , 2.30 ±0.10, 2.40 ±0.10, 1.90 ±0.10, 3.00±1.00 and 3.10±0.10 , mg/dl. For groups 3,4,5,6,7,8&9 respectively. 10- Rats in groups 3,4,5 and 6,showed non significant differences between them.Groups 8&9 indicated non significant differences between them . 11- The best treatment was observed for group 7 (slim rats fed on sesame ,seagrapes ,soybeans as 7.5% and 5% cane syrap ). The effect of experimental diets on Liver functions 1- The mean value of (GOT) of control (-) group was significantly lower when compared to control (+) group, being 20.00±1.00and 66.00±1.00 respectively. 2- All slim rats fed on different diets revealed significant decreases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The values were 30.00±1.00, 24.00±1.00, 23.00±1.00, 32±1.00 , 30±1.00 and 28 ±1.00 U/L. For groups 3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9 respectively. 3- Rats fed on groups 3 and 8 showed non significant differences between them. Groups (4&5) and (6&7) indicated non significant differences between them .The best treatment was observed for group 5(slim rats fed on fennle , nutseadge ,hops as7.5% and 5% cane syrap). 4- The mean value of (GPT) of control (-) group was significantly lower when compared to control (+), being 18.00±1.00 and 34.00±1.00 respectively. 5- All slim rats fed on various diets revealed significant decreases in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The values were 29.00 ±1.00, 20.00±1.00, 20.00 ±1.00, 19.00 ±1.00, 25.00±1.00, 23.00±1.00 and 22.00±1.00 U/L. for groups 3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9 respectively. 6- Rats fed on groups 4,5&6 showed non significant differences between them. Also groups 8&9 indicated non significant differences between them . The best treatment was observed for group 6(slim rats fed on sesame, seagrapes, soybeans as7.5%). 7- The mean value of (ALP) of control (-) group was significantly lower when compared to control(+) group,being 168.00±1.00 and 200.09±0.01 respectively. 8- All slim rats fed on various diets revealed significant decrease in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The values were 195.00 ±1.00 ,183.00 ±1.00, 180.00 ±1.00, 172.00 ±1.00, 178.00±1.00, 196.00 ±1.00 and 187.00±1.00 U/L. for groups 3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9 respectively 9- The best treatment was observed for group 6(slim rats fed on sesame, seagrapes , soybeans as7.5%).10- The mean value of (GOT)/ (GPT) ratio of control (-) group was significantly lower when compared to control (+) group, being 1.28 ±0.01 and 1.94±0.01respectively. 11- All slim rats fed on various diets revealed significant decrease with mean values as compared to control (+) group. The values were1.03±0.01, 1.20±0.01, 1.15±0.01 , 1.68±0.01 , 1.28±0.01, 1.30±0.01 and 1.27±0.01, U/L. for groups 3.4.5.6.7.8and9 respectivly. 12- Rats in groups 6&9 showed non significant differences between them. The best treatment considering the GOT/ GPT ratio was recorded for group 6 (slim rats feed on sesame, sea graps &soy beans as 7.5%). The effect of experimental diets on glucose 1- The mean value of glucose of control (+) group was higher than control (+) group, being 130.00 ±1.00 and 82.00 ±1.00 respectively. 2- All slim rats fed on different diets indicate significant increase in mean values as compared to control (+) group. The values were136.00 ±1.00 , 125.00 ±1.00 , 140.00 ±1.00 117.00 ±1.00 , 119.00 ±1.00 , 125.00 ±1.00 and 128.00 mg\dl. For groups 3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9 respectively. 3- Rats in groups 4 and 8 showed non significant differences between them. 4- Finally ,the better serum glucose was observed for group 5 (slim rats fed on fennal ,nutsedge ,hops as7.5% and 5% cane syrap ) when compared to control (+) group. Secondly: The Histopathological Results: Liver 1- Microscopically, Liver of rat from group 1 (+) showing the normal histological structure of hepatic lobule(photo1). 2- However Liver of rat from group 2 ( -) showing kupffer cell activation and fatty change of hepatocytes(photo. 2) and liver of rat from group 2(-) )showing cytoplasmic vacuolization of hepatocytes and focal hepatic necrosis associated with inflammatory cells infiltration(photo 3) . 3- Liver of rat from group 3 showing kupffer cell activation and portal infiltration with inflammatory cells (photo 4). However Liver of rat from group 3 showing kupffer cell activation( photo5) . 4- Liver of rat from group 4 showing hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes and portal infiltration with inflammatory cells (photo 6) . Liver of rat from group 4 showing hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes and portal infiltration with inflammatory cells (photo7) . 5- Liver of rat from group 5 showing congestion of central vein and hepatic sinusoids (Photo 8). 6- Liver of rat from group 6 showing slight vacuolation of hepatocytes and kupffer cells activation( photo9). however Liver of rat from group 6 showing congestion of hepatic sinusoids (photo 10). 7- Liver of rat from group 6 showing congestion of hepatic sinusoids (photo 11). 8- Liver of rat from group 7 showing hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes (photo 12) . and liver of rat from group 8 showing kupffer cell activation (photo 13) .and liver of rat from group 8 showing dilatation and congestion of hepatic sinusoids(photo 14). 9- Liver of rat from (group 9) showing Kupffer cell activation (photo 15). Kideny 1-Microscopically kidney of rat from group 1 (+)showing the normal histological structure of renal parenchyma ( photo1). 2- Kidney of rat from group 2 ( -)showing protein cast in the lumen of renal tubules ( photo 2).kidney of rat from group 2-) (showing vacuolar degeneration of epithelial lining renal tubules, protein cast in the lumen of renal tubules and dilatation of Bowman’s space (photo3). Kidney of rat from group 2 ( ) -showing vacuolar degeneration of epithelial lining renal tubules ( photo4). 3- Kidney of rat from group 3 showing protein cast in the lumen of renal tubules( photo5) . 4-Kidney of rat from group( 4) showing protein cast in the lumen of renal tubules ( photo 6). Kidney of rat from group 4 showing congestion of glomerular tuft (photo 7) 5-Kidney of rat from group 5 showing no histopathological changes (photo 8). 6-Kidney of rat from group 6 showing slight distension of Bowman’s space (photo 9). 7- Kidney of rat from group 7 showing no histopathological changes(photo 10 ). 8-Kidney of rat from group 8 showing no histopathological changes (photo 11). 9- Kidney of rat from group 9 showing no histopathological changes(photo 12). Aorta 1- Microscopically Aorta of rat from group 1 (+) showing no histopathological changes (photo1). 2- However Aorta of rat from group 2 (-) showing vacuolations of tunica media (photo2). 3- Also aorta of rat from group 2 (-) showing vacuolations of tunica media (photo3) and Aorta of rat from group 3,4&5 showing no histopathological changes (photo4,5&6) 4- Aorta of rat from group 6 showing slight vacuolations of tunica media (photo7). 5- Aorta of rat from group 7 showing no histopathological changes (photo8 ). 6- Aorta of rat from group 8&9 showing no histopathological changes (photo9&10). 7- Aorta of rat from group 9 showing no histopathological changes .