الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study was conducted at El Gemmeiza agricultural research station, EI. Gharbia Governorate agriculture research center (ARC) during (2010-2011) seasons, for the use of soil amendments (sulphur and biogas manure) and incubation periods for improvement the properties of salt affected and calcareous soils and increase the barley yield. The specific objectives of this study are; 1-Study the impact of soil amendments and incubation periods on improve the physical and chemical properties of salt affected and calcareous soils. 2-Study the impact of soil amendments and incubation periods on increasing the production of barley yield and nutrients uptake in salt affected and calcareous soils. For this study, surface soil sample (0-30) were collected from salt affected soils, zone EL-Hamoul- Kafer El-sheikh governorate (Village of Abosekken- Village of Khaled Eben El-Waled- Section El-Mansour part 10), while calcareous soils (1- At Kilo 48 Cairo –Alexandria desert road –Nubaria –Bahira Governorate, 2- At Kilo 72 Cairo –Alexandria desert road –Alameria – Alexandria Governorate and 3- Borg Elarab- Alexandria Governorate). Pot experiment under the condition of wire prop greenhouse design was split –split plot was the statist design in this study. The main plots were assigned to salt affected or calcareous soils. The sub plots were soil amendments, sulphur application rates S0 (control), S1 (2.38 ton / hectare), S2 (4.76 ton/ hectare), S3 (7.14 ton / hectare), or biogas manure treatments B0 (control), B1 (1 %), B2 (2 %) and B3 (3%). The sub-sub plots were devoted to incubation periods at p0 (without incubation) ,P2 (2 months) and P4(4 months), The pots were wetted by tap water wich equal to 120% FC and incubated under greenhouse condition for zero, two and four months of incubation periods. 183 Barley (Hordeum vulgarely L., Giza 126) cultivator was sown at the December 2010. Throughout the growth, moisture content of the soil was mainted at 60% of WHC. All pots were fertilized with recommended dose as defined by Agriculture Ministry, which were ammonium nitrate (33.5% N) at the rate of 60 Kg N /Fed, super phosphate (15.5% P2O5) at the rate 31 Kg P/Fed and potassium sulphate (48% K2O) at the rate of 48 Kg K/Fed. Yield was harvesting when the grain were in the 10 th of May 2011. The obtained results could be summarized as follows; 1-Impact of sulphur application on physical properties in salt affected and calcareous soils. Bulk density and total porosity: Application sulphur at 7.14 ton/ hectare, which decreased significantly on bulk density by 2.88 and 3.25 % in salt affected and calcareous soils and increased total porosity by 5.93 and 5.13% as compared with control, respectively. These results proved that bulk density decreased by 5.00 and 3.90% while, total porosity increased by 5.70 and 5.20% were obtained at 4 months of incubation as compared with without incubation observed in sat affected and calcareous soils, respectively. Hydraulic conductivity: Application of sulphur rate up to 7.14 ton/ hectare led to increased the values of hydraulic conductivity by 102.5 and 1.74 % higher than control in salt affected and calcareous soils, respectively. Also, the highest values of hydraulic conductivity was obtained with incubation period at 4 months and increased by 79.55 and 2.44% as compared to without incubation in salt affected and calcareous soils, respectively. Water holding capacity: The application of 7.14 ton/ hectare obviously increased the values of W.H.C percentage of 4.13 and 8.16% more than control in salt 184 affected and calcareous soils, respectively. On the other hand, incubation sulphur in soil at 4 months resulted in an increase of W.H.C more than these associated incubation at 0 and 2 months in salt affected and calcareous soils Total water stable aggregates: Application of sulphur at rate 7.14 ton hectare -1 led to increased total water stable aggregates percentage of 9.30 and 15.20 % over than control in salt affected and calcareous soils respectively. Also, increased incubation periods with sulphur in the studied salt affected and calcareous soils obviously improved total water stable aggregates. 2- Impact of biogas manure on physical properties in salt affected and calcareous soils Bulk density and total porosity: Application of biogas manure at rate 3 % was the most effective in decreasing the bulk density and increasing total porosity compared to 0, 1 and 2 % in sat affected and calcareous soils. Also incubation biogas manure at 4 months in soil slightly decreased bulk density and increased total porosity in saline and calcareous soils. Hydraulic conductivity (H.C.): Application of biogas manure at rate up to 3 % improve hydraulic conductivity percentage of 90.24 and 1.85 % over than control treatment in salt affected and calcareous soils, respectively . It is clear from the obtained data that incubation biogas manure at 4 months before sowing resulted in improve hydraulic conductivity in saline sodic and calcareous soils. Water holding capacity (W.H.C.): All treatments of biogas manure caused an appreciable higher in the values of W.H.C especially application at rate 3 % increased W.H.C percentage reached 4.47 and 7.90 % over than control in salt affected and calcareous soils respectively , while increasing incubation periods led to increase the values of W.H.C in salt affected and calcareous soils . Total water stable aggregates (TWA.): It could be concluded that application of biogas manure at rates 1, 2 and 3 % led to increased significantly on TWSA percentage reached 8.82,14.89 and 19.45 % in salt affected soils and 7.83, 15.14 and 20.08 % respectively compared to untreated treatment . Results indicate that, incubation periods at 4 months with biogas manure before sowing gave the highest values of TWSA percentage reached 10.17 and 14.23 % over than zero incubation in saline sodic and calcareous soils respectively. 3- Impact of sulphur application on chemical properties on salt affected and dcalcareous soils. Soil acidity number (pH), Electrical conductivity (EC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR): All treatments of sulphur pH, EC and SAR values sharply decreased especially application of 7.14 ton hactare-1 decrease significantly by 1.95, 4.65 and 19.80% in salt affected soils and, 1.95 and 14.95% in calcareous soils respectively over than control treatment. Also, incubation at 4 months with sulphur gave the highest decrease in soil pH, EC and SAR percentage reached 1.22, 13.04 and 25.13% in salt affected soils and, 1.73, 19.68 and 40.29% in calcareous soils respectively. Cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable cations and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP): Application of sulphur in salt affected and calcareous soils led to a noticeable decrease in Ex. Na+ and ESP values and increase CEC, Ex. Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ values. Moreover, incubation periods at 0, 2 and 4 months results an increased CEC, Ex. Ca2+ and Mg2+ and decrease Ex. Na+, K+ and ESP in salt affected and calcareous soils. 4- Impact of biogas manure application on chemical properties on salt affected and calcareous soils. Soil acidity number (pH) and Electrical conductivity: Application biogas manure at rate 3% reduce soil pH, EC and SAR percentage reached 1.34, 7.10 and 23.90% in salt affected soils and, 2.58, 15.75% and 38.45% in calcareous soils respectively less than control treatment. Also, the reduction percentage in soil pH, EC and SAR values by 0.73, 14.10 and 36.14% in salt affected soils and, 1.23, 16.44 and 33.70% in calcareous soils respectively were recorded with incubation at 4 months with biogas manure less than zero incubation. Cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable cations and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP): Application of 3% of biogas manure results increased percentage recorded 5.11, 22.62, 15.77 and 15.09% in salt affected soils and increase percentage reached 11.94, 29.14, 23.08 and 21.95% in calcareous more than control treatment for CEC, Ex. Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ respectively. On the contrary, application of biogas manure at rate 3% decrease Ex. Na+ and ESP percentage reached 15.92 and 25.91% in salt affected soils and decreased by 24.95 and 33.61% in calcareous soils respectively less than control treatment. Also, the same trend of incubation periods with biogas manure were the most effective in increasing CEC, Ex. Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ and decreasing Ex. Na+ and ESP in salt affected and calcareous soils. 5- Impact of sulphur application on available macronutrients in salt affected and calcareous soils. Available macronutrients (N, P, K and S). The rate highest of sulphur at 7.14 ton hectare-1 led to significant increase in N, P, K and S percentage reached 4.67, 30.52, 8.49 and 16.49% in salt affected soils and increased percentage reached 8.02, 64.07, 8.61 and 12.21% respectively over than control. The mean values of N, P, K and S available were increase by increasing incubation periods but available K took on opposite trend, they were decreased by increasing incubation periods in salt affected and calcareous soils. 6- Impact of biogas manure application on available macronutrients in salt affected and calcareous soils. Available macronutrients (N, P, K and S): Application of biogas manure to the studied soils leads to a significant increase in the soil contents of available N, P, K and S. The increment in available macronutrients were mostly correlated with increasing in the rate of application. These increase percentage reached 11.70, 66.46, 16.02 and 10.48% in salt affected soils and increase percent of 20.93, 94.02, 23.85 and 7.28% in calcareous soils for available N, P, K and S respectively were obtained with biogas manure at rate 3% more than control. After incubation at 4 months gave the maximum values of available macronutrients (N, P, K and S), while the minimum values were recorded with zero incubation in salt affected and calcareous soils. 7- Impact of sulphur application on available micronutrients in salt affected and calcareous soils. Available micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu): The highest averages values of available Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu (4.15, 2.56, 12.41 and 1.32 mg Kg-1) in salt affected soils and, recorded (5.34, 2.49, 8.51 and 0.89 mg Kg-1) in calcareous soils respectively obtained with sulphur applied at rate 7.14 ton hectare-1. While, the lowest values of Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu were recoded 3.87, 2.39, 11.81 and 1.20 mg Kg-1 in saline sodic soils and receded 4.89, 2.23, 8.08 and 0.68 mg Kg-1 in calcareous soils respectively. In the case of the values of available micronutrients were increased by increasing incubation periods. Hence, the relative increase in available Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu compared with that of the control were 5.56, 6.97, 1.92 and 14.88% in salt affected soils and reached from 9.20, 8.81, 2.80 and 23.61% in calcareous soils due to incubation at 4 months of sulphur respectively. 8- Impact of biogas manure application on available of micronutrients in salt affected and calcareous soils. Available micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu): The values of micronutrients in tested soils were positively enhanced due to the application of biogas manure when compared with the control. The relative increase in available Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu were 21.85, 17.95, 4.15 and 18.18% in salt affected soils and the corresponding increment percentage of 18.57. 21.43, 8.23 and 38.24% in calcareous soils respectively were occurred with biogas manure at rate 3% more than control treatment. Results also indicated that increasing incubation periods led to increased micronutrients available in salt affected and calcareous soils. 9- Impact of sulphur application on barley yield and nutrients uptake in salt affected and calcareous soils. Grain and straw yield: The increasing in grain and straw yield were occurred at a results of sulphur application extended to the use rate of 7.14 ton hectare-1. While, the lowest values were obtained with control treatment. The long incubation period (at 4 months) recorded the greatest values of grain and straw yield. On the contrary, the lowest values of grain and straw yield were found with without incubation in salt affected and calcareous soils. Macronutrients contents and uptake (N, P, K, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and S): Application sulphur results increase significantly in macronutrients contents and uptake by barley grains and straw expect Na+ contents and uptake by barley plants, it was decreased by increasing sulphur applied. Also, each increase in incubation periods were accompanied with a decrease Na+ content and uptake and, increasing the other macronutrients of barley in salt affected and calcareous soils. Micronutrients contents and uptake (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu): AS sulphur rates increased from control to 7.14 ton hactare-1 led to increase micronutrients contents and uptake by barley grains and straw. Also, the micronutrients contents and uptake by barley grains and straw were increased with increasing incubation periods. Thus, the maximum values of micronutrients were reached with incubation at 4 months. On the other side, the minimum of micronutrients were found with zero incubation in salt affected and calcareous soils. 10- Impact of biogas manure application on barley yield and nutrients uptake in salt affected and calcareous soils. Grain and straw yield: Increase biogas manure rates significantly increase on grain and straw yield in salt affected and calcareous soils. Also, the grain and straw of barley plants were increased significantly as compared with the control treatment owing to incubation periods at 2 and 4 months in salt affected and calcareous soils. Macronutrients contents and uptake (N, P, K, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and S): The best conditions, which recorded the macronutrients contents and uptake by barley grain and straw at the highest rates of 3% biogas manure. The results indicated that the increasing incubation periods led to increased macronutrients contents and uptake by barley plants, expect Na+ elemental was decreased by increasing incubation periods in salt affected and calcareous soils. Micronutrients contents and uptake (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu): Application biogas manure at rate 3% dose resulted in increasing micronutrients contents and uptake by barley grains and straw as compared to 0 (control), 2 and 4 months of biogas manure. It is obvious from the obtained results that the highest values of micronutrients contents and uptake by barley grain and straw were observed with incubation at 4 months, while the lowest values were found with zero incubation in salt affected and calcareous soils.