الفهرس 
acknowledgmentOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The first chapter is an introduction that includes the importance of water on earth and
the effect of water quality on human life. Also it contains the definition of water pollution and common pollutants in water. This chapter presents an explanation of the different methods used for the removal of heavy metals, especially introductory to show applications of
adsorption process in water treatment and removal of some organic and inorganic pollutants due to their significant threats to both environmental and public health based on their toxicity carcinogenic effects and non-biodegradability. This chapter also includes the definition structure, characterization, classification, preparation, activation and modification of activated carbon adsorbents. It also provides a brief description of the different adsorbents used for
potassium permanganate and 4-nitroaniline removal from water.
The second chapter describes the experimental section including the applied
instrumentations in this thesis such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform
infrared spectrophotometer (FT-IR) and pH meter. Chemicals, solutions and the preparation
of solutions used in this study are also presented. Finally the immobilization of different acids such as (HCl, H2SO4, H3PO4 and CH3COOH) on the surface of activated carbon is presented
to develop different modified activated carbon adsorbents. The different experimental factors affecting on the adsorption process are also presented in details. These factors are the effect of pH of contact solution, shaking time, amount of adsorbent, initial adsorbate concentration and different interfering substances. Also this chapter describes the applications of these AC adsorbents for removal of KMnO4 and 4-nitroaniline from different water samples collected from drinking tap water, sea water and industrial wastewater The third chapter demonstrates the results and applications of the AC adsorbents for
extraction and removal of KMnO4 and 4-nitroaniline. This chapter is divided into three main sections The first section: represents the surface characterization and modification of activated carbon with different acids under study by SEM and FT-IR. This tudy shows the structural dentifications of surface functional groups of activated carbon and modified activated carbon as well as the successful loading of acid on activated carbon surface The second section: describes the results and discussion of sorption studies for removal of KMnO4 by modified activated carbons The results refer to All acid treated activated carbon adsorbents exhibited complete removal of KMnO4
via three different mechanisms as an anion exchange and ion pairing mechanism in presence of low pH values of contact solution (pH 1.0-2.0). In addition, the third mechanism is mainly based on the initial reduction reaction of KMnO4 to produce
Mn(II) in solution which is suggested to react with the surface loaded functional groups of ACs due to complex formation reactions in contact solutions with pH ≥ 3.0.
The percentage extraction values of KMnO4were found as ≥ 99.28% in all aqueous solutions by all modified activated carbon adsorbents The uptake process of KMnO4 by all modified activated carbon adsorbents in pH 1.0 was found very fast due to almost complete removal after only one minute of contacttime. All modified activated carbon adsorbents were found to exhibit a slight increase in the
percentage extraction values of KMnO4 from pH 1.0 and Mn(II) from pH 7.0 solution upon increasing the adsorbent dosage, while showed a slight decrease in the extraction values upon increasing the concentration of KMnO4 from 10.0 to 100.0 Mg L-1 The presence of interfering ions in aqueous solutions was found to maintain the effectiveness of all activated carbon adsorbents to react and bind with KMnO4 and Mn(II). Applications of all modified AC-adsorbents showed excellent efficiency for removal of existing KMnO4 from the examined water samples or matrices and the percentage removal values were found to correspond to 100.0±1.0%. The third section: describes the results and discussion of sorption studies of 4-nitroanilne by modified activated carbon adsorbents based on the reduction-adsorption processes. The maximum percentage extraction values were established at pH 1.0 by all modified activated carbon adsorbents and the adsorptive removal values of 4-nitroaniline was found to proceed via ion–pair interaction mechanism by all modified activated carbon adsorbents. The affinity of all modified AC-adsorbents to extract 4-nitroaniline from aqueous solutions was identified to increase with increasing the contact time All modified activated adsorbents were found to exhibit gradual increase in the percentage extraction values of 4-nitroaniline upon increasing the adsorbent dosage and a slight decrease in the extraction values of 4-nitroaniline was evident upon increasing the concentration of 4-nitroaniline from 4.0 to 20.0 mg L-1.
The presence of interfering ions in aqueous solutions was found to exhibit a slight change in the effectiveness of all activated carbon adsorbents to react and bind with 4-nitroaniline. Successful applications of all modified AC-adsorbents for removal of 4-nitroaniline from all water samples and matrices were accomplished in this work and the
percentage extraction values of the spiked 4.0 mg L-1 of 4-nitroaniline in the examined industrial wastewater, drinking tap water and sea water samples were found ≥ 95.20%.