الفهرس 
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Abstract
Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTDs) have become one of the most
important tools for many branches of science and technology, e.g. cosmic rays detection,
heavy ions and nuclear physics. In nuclear reaction studies an identification of reaction
products according to their type and energy is of utmost importance. Therefore, extensive
work was published to determine the response characteristics of such detectors as nuclear
spectrometers.
The CR-39 (C12H18O7) polymeric nuclear track detector is the most popular member
of the SSNTDs. It has the widest dynamic range for detecting charged particles for a large
of Z values, and from low energy protons to relativistic U ions. In recent years this detector
was applied to the fields of particle identification, cosmic ray detection, and other fields of
application due to their properties, like high sensitivity, low registration threshold, good
optical and mechanical parameters
When a highly ionizing particle with charge Z and energy E passes through CR-39
detector, it produces a latent track as a result of damage due to energy dissipated by an
ionizing particle interaction with matter. The latent track can be seen with the ordinary
microscope by means of chemical etching. Two simultaneous etch rates control the
development of conical etch pits: the bulk etch rate VB, which removes the bulk of material
isotropically, and the track etch rate VT, which etches along the particle range. The
sensitivity of the detector is defined as the ratio V=VT/VB and track formation is not
possible if V≤ 1.
The sensitivity function V(R) of a polymeric nuclear track detector, is defined as the
change in the etch rate ratio V as a function of the residual range R of a charged particle.
CR-39 polymeric nuclear track detector when used for identification of heavy
ionizing particles need to be calibrated using known ions.
The aim of this thesis is to calibrate CR-39 (Tastrack, U.K.) polymeric nuclear track
detector for particle identification by plotting the calculated etch track cone-length versus
residual range ( L − R plots), and to evaluate both the charge resolution and mass
resolution of CR- 39 detector for 5 ≤ Z ≤ 36 nuclei of different energies.
The present thesis contains five chapters:
Chapter one is an introduction which includes a survey on the advantages of solid
state nuclear track detectors. Also, this chapter includes a literature review in the use of
polymeric nuclear track detectors in the field of particle identification and ends with the
aim of this thesis.
Chapter two deals with the interaction of heavy charged partic.