الفهرس 
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Abstract
Ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury in the liver remains an important clinical problem during liver surgery, transplantation, and shock. Free oxygen radicals, such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical, as well as a nitric oxide (NO) burst have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of I/R-related liver injury.Proinflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-(TNF) and interleukin (IL), are also candidates to be involvedin the reperfusion (R) liver injury.
Another mechanism may involve the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-y) which is reported to modulate several pathological conditions including inflammation.
The current study was carried out to evaluate the protective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Zizyphus spina christi (ZSC) extract, and Silymarin as a natural products against hepatic I/R- induced injury. The present study also gave an insight into the possible implication of PPAR-y in the protective role of ZSC extract, and Silymarin by comparing the protective role of ZSC extract, and Silymarin in absence and presence of PPAR-y antagonist, BADGE.
Hepatic I/R was induced experimentally in rats by clamping the branches of hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein supplying the left lateral and median lobes of the liver using an bulldog clamp for 45 minutes followed by release of the clamp to permit reperfusion for 60 minutes. Rats were pretreated with ZSC extract (400 mg/ kg orally), Silymarin (50 mg/ kg orally) and BADGE (30 mg/kg injected I.P.). All drugs were administered 60 minutes before induction of ischemia. BADGE was administered 30 minutes before administration of ZSC extract or Silymarin.
The present study investigated the possible mechanisms that may be involved in this process including free radicals like nitric oxide (NO), lipid peroxidation product; malondialdehyde (MDA), and intrinsic antioxidant defense systems as superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced glutathione (GSH). In addition, liver function tests were done including aspartate aminotransferase (AST) , alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP). and lactate dehydrogenase.