الفهرس 
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Abstract
Summary
Phoenix roebelenii O’Brien is among 202 genera and 2300-2700 species of the
family Arecaceae being largely distributed in the tropics and subtropics. Both
genus and species are widely spread and cultivated in Egypt.
Genus phoenix has been widely used in folk medicine for the treatment of
various infectious diseases, atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension and cancer.
Members of the family Arecaceae are characterized by different classes of
phenolic compounds, C-glycosylflavones, luteolin and quercitin glycosides.
Phenolic compounds are currently receiving much interest as a potential source of
therapeutic agents for clinical use because they serve as antioxidant. Oxidative
stress is one of the common denominator in pathogenesis of chronic disease. Our
study was focusing on isolation and identification of phenolics in P. roebelenii, in
addition to evaluation of certain biological activities in an effort to report what is
considered the first phytochemical and biological reports on this species
worldwide.
The work carried out in the present study was divided into six main parts:
1. Literature survey on Phoenix species belonging to family
Arecaceae
Literature survey revealed that Phoenix roebelenii O’Brien has not been
subjected to any phytochemical nor biological investigation before.
2. Taxonomical and morphological feature of genus and species of P.
roebelenii O’Brien
3. DNA profiling
The extracted DNA of Phoenix roebelenii O’Brien was amplified using ten
decamer primers to detect its genetic pattern. The ten primers had successfully
directed the amplification of a genome-specific fingerprint of DNA fragments.
The ten primers (A15, A04, A17, A18, C01, C19, C07, D05, G19 and M02) of
arbitrary sequences generated 91 fragments. The ten primers had produced
multiple band profiles with a number of amplified DNA fragments ranging
from 15 when C01 was used. Whereas, the least number of fragments was 4
being produced by D05. Therefore primer C01 was the best sequence for
dominating Phoenix roebelenii O’Brien cultivated in Egypt.
4. Preliminary phytochemical investigation
4.1 Phytochemical screening of the leaves and fruits of Phoenix roebelenii
O’Brien
Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates and/or
glycosides, sterols and/or triterpens, tannins and saponins in both leaves and fruit
of P. roebelenii O’Brien. Phenolics and/or flavonoids and coumarins were detected
in the leaves of P. roebelenii O’Brien while found in trace amounts in the fruit.
Anthraquinone and alkaloids were not detected in both leaves and fruit.
4.2 Determination of Macro and Micro-elements:
Micro elements (Pb, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Cr, Ni and Cd) were determined in the
total ash of both leaves and fruits of P. roebelenii adopting atomic absorption
method, while Macro elements (P, K, Na and Ca) were determined adopting flame
photometric method, the main findings in this study were the high content of Fe
and Zn in both leaves and fruits and the absence of Pb and Cd elements in the
leaves of P. roebelenii O’Brien.
Summary
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5. Chemical investigation
5.1. Quantitative estimation of the phenolic content
The total phenol content of the leaves and fruit of P. roebelenii O’Brien were
determined using Folin-Ciocalteau method. It was found to be 64.3 μg GAE/mg for
leaves and 7.88 μg GAE/mg for fruits.
The total flavonoid contents of the leaves and fruit of P. roebelenii O’Brien
were determined using spectrophotometric method. It was found to be 149.4 μg
RE/mg for leaves and 8.66 μg RE/mg for fruits.
5.2. Preparation of the extracts for chemical investigation
Aqueous methanol extract of the leaves of P. roebelenii O’Brien was prepared
by repeated percolation on hot with 70% methanol, then defatted with chloroform.
The defatted residue was extracted with methanol and followed by water (three
times for each solvent).
5.3. chromatographic investigation
2 Dimension PC investigation of 70% Methanol extract revealed the presence
of 10 major phenolic and/or flavonoids compounds.
5.4. Isolation and purification
Isolation of the phenolic compounds of P. roebelenii O’Brien included
polyamide column chromatographic investigation. Separation of individual
flavonoids and phenolic acids was performed by subsequent PPC from column
fractions, repeated purification of these individuals by rechromatography on
sephadex LH-20 column and establishment of their purity by paper
chromatography investigation.
5.5. Identification and structure elucidation
For the structural elucidation of the isolated phenolic compounds, the required
information was obtained through application of chemical degradation methods
(acid hydrolysis and ferric chloride degradation), spectroscopic methods (UV, 1HNMR
and 13C-NMR) and spectrometric techniques of analysis (EI/MS and
ESI/MS).
Phenolic compounds isolated from P. roebelenii O’Brien
Ten compounds (P1 – P10) were isolated and identified for the first time from
the leaves of P. roebelenii O’Brien. To our best of knowledge compounds P3 a