الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study was carried to investigate the toxicity of two forms of chlorpyrifos insecticide: The pure form technical (active ingredient concentration 96.9%) and commercial form formulated (active ingredient concentration 48%) on albino male rats. The study divided into two sections:- The first one is the effect of acute single dose 1/4 LD50 of two forms of chlorpyrifos and samples were taken after 72 hr. The second,is the effect of subchronic doses (5 doses weekly) 1/40 LD50 for 90 days and the samples (blood and tissues) were taken after 45 and 90 days from initiation of pesticide administration.
Tissues samples were divided into two sections. The first for biochemical determination and the second for histopathological examination.
The blood samples used to study the biochemical determination as were follows:-
1) Body weight
2) Acetyl cholinesterase (AchE) activity in blood and brain
3) Thyroid hormones T3,T4.
4) Liver function (AST, ALT, ALP, LDH and G-6-PDH activities in liver).
5) ACP activity in blood.
6) Glycogen concentration in liver.
7) Glucose concentration in blood.
8) Cholesterol concentration in blood.
9) Triglyceride concentration in blood.
10) Total protein concentration in blood.
11) Urea concentration.
The obtained data concerning the four mentioned topics could be summarized in the following main points:
1) Body weight
Rats administered subchronic doses showed decreases in average gain of body weight after 45 days and 90 days.
On the other hand no significant decreases in liver weight/body weight ratio in case of rats administrated formulated form, while there were a significant decreases in liver weight/body weight ratio in case of technical form after 45 or 90 days.
2) Acetyl cholinesterase (AchE) activity
Rats orally administered acute single dose and subchronic doses of either technical or formulated chlorpyrifos forms showed significant decreases in enzyme activity in brain and serum.
The inhibitory effect on AchE activity in brain and serum increased with increasing the experimental period from 45 to 90 days.
The technical and formulated forms showed no significant differences in AchE activity whether in brain or serum i.e. both chlorpyrifos forms exerted nearly the same inhibitory effect.
3) Thyroid hormones
Both of T3and T4 exhibited such decreases in case of rats orally administered acute single dose or subchronic doses of either technical or formulated form. These decrease were highly significant in case of formulated form (i.e. highly toxic)
4) Liver functions
ALT,AST and ALP
There were significant increases in ALT,AST and ALP activities in rats orally given acute single dose and subchronic doses of both technical and formulated chlorpyrifos. In the subchronic toxicity the elevation % of ALT,AST and ALP activities increased after 45 days then decreased after 90 days whether in rats administered technical or formulated form.
Also, rats orally administered formulated form in acute single toxicity showed highly significant increases in G-6-PDH activity than the activity in rats treating with technical form which not affected. In subchronic toxicity, the elevation effect in G-6-PDH activity increased with increasing experimental period from 45 to 90 days.
On the other hand, there were significant decreases in LDH activity in rats orally administered acute single dose and subchronic doses of either technical or formulated chlorpyrifos in all treatments except in case of formulated form in acute toxicity.
The inhibitory effect on LDH activity increased with increasing the experimental period from 45 to 90 days.
5) Acid phosphatase
ACP activity was not affected by treatments either technical or formulated form in acute or subchronic toxicity.
6) Glycogen
Rats orally administered acute single dose and subchronic doses either technical or formulated chlorpyrifos form showed significant decreases in glycogen concentration. The diminution effect increased with increasing experimental period from 45 days to 90 days.
7) Glucose
Rats orally administered acute single dose and subchronic doses of either technical or formulated chlorpyrifos form showed significant increases in glucose concentration. The elevation effect decreased with increasing experimental period from 45 to 90 days.
8) Cholesterol
Rats orally administered acute dose and subchronic doses of either technical or formulated chlorpyrifos forms, showed significant decreases in total cholesterol concentration. In case of subchronic toxicity, the diminution effect increased with increasing experimental period from 45 to 90 days.
9) Triglyceride
Rats orally administered acute single dose and subchronic doses of either technical or formulated chlorpyrifos forms showed significant increases in triglycerides concentration.
10) Total protein
TP concentration had significant increases in rats orally administered formulated form either in acute or subchronic toxicity while TP was not altered by technical form. In subchronic toxicity TP increased by increasing experimental period.
11) Urea
Urea concentration had significant increase in rats administered acute single dose and subchronic doses after 90 days either technical or formulated form. In case of subchronic toxicity urea increased by increasing experimental period.
12) Histopathology
In rats liver administered formulated form there was congestion and dilatation in central veins and sinusoids associated with inflammatory cells infiltration and diffuse kupffer cells proliferation in between the degenerated hepatocytes. In comparison with untreated rats liver. Also, in rats liver administrated technical form there was congestion in the central veins associated with degeneration in hepatocytes.
In rats brain administrated formulated form there were vacuolization in matrix of the hippocampus while the cerebrum showed focal gliosis as well as focal hemorrhages in comparison with untreated rats brain. While in rats brain administered
technical form, there were focal gliosis with congestion in the blood vessels in the cerebrum.