الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 124 |  |  |
| | | from | 124 | | |
Abstract
SUMMARY
The purpose of the current study is building a soil resources
database for Qaluobia Governorate for sustainable agriculture usage.
Qaluobia Governorate is located on the eastern of the Nile River, near the
Delta apex. It is bounded from the south by both Cairo and Giza
Governorates, from the north by Dakahlia and Gharbia Governorates,
from the east by Sharkia Governorate and from the west by Monofia
Governorate. To achieve the aim of this study, Landsat 5 TM (1990),
Landsat 7 ETM+ (2003), SPOT 4 (2007), SPOT 4 (2011) and Landsat 8 (2013)
satellite images were used in this study. Cadastral maps (1:2500) were
updated from aerial photographs dated 1985 for Qaluobia Governorate
(761 maps). The maps were used as benchmark for the study area. ENVI
(4.8) software was used in this study for image processing, while ArcGIS
(10) was used for building the database and getting the final outputs. The
existing layers from other research studies were used for building the
database. These layers are soil map, drainage, canals and roads networks.
Soil profiles from previous studies (96 profiles) were collected and twelve
soil profiles were dug at different locations of El - Qaluobia Governorate.
The Geometric correction implemented on SPOT 4 image 2011 and
SPOT 4 image 2007. Image to image method (Landsat 2003 to SPOT4
2011) was used with ground control points. The root-mean-square error
(RMSE) between two images was less than 0.36 pixels. Maximum
likelihood classifier is the type of the supervised classification used to
track changes in land use/land cover of the study area. The output is a
thematic raster layer (i.e. classified image).
Accuracy assessment was conducted using 289 points from field
data in ETM image 1990, 300 points in ETM image 2003 and 203 points
in spot 2011. The classified images were raster layers that were converted
into vector layers. These vector layers were converted into shape files that
were exported to Arc GIS program for further analysis. The layers
collected from previous studies were updated (i.e. 2006 updated to 2013)
79
SUMMARY
Hoda N. Mashhour, M.Sc. Thesis, 2015
based on satellite image 2013. The layers are irrigation and drainage
canal, roads network and soil map.
The collected profiles and the current profiles were used for
mapping of some soil characteristics. IDW interpolation method was
employed for mapping five soil characteristics in Qaluobia Governorate.
The mapped soil characteristics include pH, electrical conductivity (EC),
organic matter (OM), texture classes and calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
Land use/Land cover of Qaluobia Governorate
The major class in the investigated area was the agriculture areas
which represented 56.8 % from the total area of the governorate while the
urban areas represented 34 %, the bare land areas were 7.6 % and finally
the water bodies represented 1.6 %. The results showed that cultivated
soils class decreased in the period from 1990 to 2013. It presented 74.5 %
from total area at 1990, 71.2 % at 2003, 70.6% at 2007, 67.2% at 2011
and 56.7% at 2013. The urban areas increased at the same period as
following; 11.2% at 1990, 16.1% at 2003, 18.1% at 2007, 23.5% at 2011
and finally 34.2% at 2013.
The current investigation displays the loss area in each soil class
in the soil map from 1990 to 2013. The loss area in the Typic
Quartizipsamments was 50.38 km2, while in the Vertic Torrifluvents the
loss area was 161.25 km2. However Typic Torriorthents lost 9.92 km2 and
Typic Torrifluvents lost 16.31 km2.
Building database of Qaluobia Governorate
The present database includes the following data layers:
1. Cadastral maps (1:2500)
It contains number of 761 maps (dated 1985 with a scale of
1:2500), covering Qaluobia Governorate. This layer showed all land use
/land cover units in details. This facilitates measuring the areas and
dimensions for each unit (residential areas and its boundaries, brick
factories, poultry farms, changes in the course of the Nile River and
Hoda N. Mashhour, M.Sc. Thesis, 2015
1. updated roads layer
This layer was updated to 2013 utilizing Landsat image dated
2013 for Qaluobia Governorate. The roads were categorized into five
major types (Dual carriage road, main paved road, secondary paved, track
and unpaved).
2. updated irrigation and drainage canals network layer
This layer was updated to 2013 based on Landsat image dated
2013 for Qaluobia Governorate. The irrigation and drainage canals were
divided to six types according to their width (Canals from 10 to 5 m,
Canals from 25 to 10 m, Canals more than 25 m, Drains from 10 to 5 m,
Drains from 25 to 10 m and Drains more than 25 m).
3. updated soil map layer
This layer shows that the study area contains four subgreat groups
of soil taxonomy; Vertic Torrifleuvents, Typic Quartizipsamments, Typic
Torrifluvents and Typic Torriorthents. Areas of these classes were
subjected to noticeable changes from 2008 to 2013.
4. Land use /Land cover layers
Land use/ land cover maps were conducted for five years
including 1990, 2003, 2007, 2011 and 2013. Urban, bare land, agriculture
and water layers were added into the geodatabase for all studied years
supplied with areas in square km.
5. Urban sprawl layers
This layers illustrates the expansions occurred in the urbanized
areas and their locations on the map over the last twenty three years (i.e.
from 1990 to 2013).
6. Soil profiles layer
The previous studies soil profiles data were collected and inserted
to Arc GIS system for creating a layer for soil profiles. This layer
includes 96 profiles supplied with the conducted chemical and physical
analyses. These profiles were dug in several different years (i.e. 2007,
2008, 2010 and 2011). In addition to recent twelve profiles were dug at
different locations
Hoda N. Mashhour, M.Sc. Thesis, 2015
The current profiles (12 profiles) and the previous ones (96
profiles) were used to map some characteristics of soil showing their
spatial distributions in different parts of the study area.
8. Soil pH spatial distribution
It shows four classes of soil pH; slightly alkaline (7.4 -7.8),
moderately alkaline (7.9-8.4), neutral (6.6-7.3) and strongly alkaline (8.5-
9). The spatial distribution of pH in soil demonstrated that the slightly
alkaline and moderately alkaline class are the most dominant ones while
the neutral and strongly alkaline classes are distributed as scattered
patches in the soil pH map.
9. Electrical Conductivity (EC) spatial distribution
It shows that the moderately saline (4-8 ds/m) and strongly saline
(8-16 ds/m) soil classes occupy most of the Qaluobia Governorate soils .
10. Organic Matter (OM) content spatial distribution
The spatial distribution map of OM in Qaluobia Governorate
recorded values fluctuated from 0.05 to 2.5 %.
11. Soil texture spatial distribution
There were several soil texture classes in Qaluobia Governorate in
the surface layer (clay, sand, clay loam, sandy clay, sandy clay loam and
sandy loam). They ordered as follows; clay > sand > clay loam > sandy
clay > sandy clay loam > sandy loam occupying 226.4, 220.6, 177.7, 91,
32.1 and 4.7 km2, respectively.
12. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content spatial distribution
In Qalubia Governorate, the highest value of calcium carbonate in
the study area was 8 % and the lowest value was 0.17%.
The database that has been established in this study contains
various information layers that can be employed in sustainable agriculture
of Qaluobia Governorate. The database contains information layers
during a period of time from 1985 to 2013. It includes a cadastral maps
layer with high-precision scale (1: 2500) updated with aerial photos
captured in 1985. The database also contains information layers on the
locations and areas of urban encroachment on agricultural land in the
82
SUMMARY
Hoda N. Mashhour, M.Sc. Thesis, 2015
governorate during different study periods that could be used by decision
makers to limit this phenomenon. Data and information about the modern
infrastructure layers represented by irrigation and drainage networks and
roads are also provided by the database. The spatial distribution for some
soil properties in the governorate have been produced as maps. Most of
the available previous studies that were conducted on the Qaluobia
Governorate were collected and stored as information layer for each study
results. Therefore, this database is considered necessary for many of the
organizations and agencies like urban planning, research centers and
universities interested in urban sprawl risks.