الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 2 |  |  |
| | | from | 2 | | |
Abstract
the term ‘xenophobia’ is a combination of the Greek words xénos ‘stranger’ and phóbos ‘fear’. This is as far as the word itself goes, but there can be no specific date as to when the feeling it embodies first originated. It is logical to say that the fear of strangers existed in all primitive societies, where tribal ties and territorial claims necessitated a watchful antagonism to outsiders who might threaten their stability and livelihood. The negative aspects of derogation, hostility and/or loathing that are nowadays linked to the term can however be spotted in ancient writings, most notably in Homer’s Iliad where the Carians are described as “rude unlettered” and “barbarous . . . of tongue” (2.774), which is the first known reference to the concept of barbarianism, albeit if it is used here to describe those who spoke Greek badly. Imperialism was certain to augment whatever xenophobic sentiments that had already existed, casting the conquered races as uncivilised brutes. Still, Hellenes did not practise othering, which means that their xenophobia was a fear of ‘strangers’ or ‘foreigners’, and not of entire races that they pitted themselves against.