الفهرس 
List of abbreviations
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Abstract
The present study dealt with the identification and detection and determination of detection rate of EMA in serum samples in patients with HCC and the results can be summarized as: 1. A total of 135 serum samples were included in this study, of which 35 of them from healthy individuals and 100 of them from patients with HCC and there is no significant difference between the mean age of HCC patients and the healthy individuals. 2. Patients with HCC had higher level of AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin and INR levels and a lower level of platelet counts and albumin. 3. The separated proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose paper by western blotting . An intense sharp band of EMA was identified in sera of HCC at 130 kDa. 4. The cut-off of EMA level (OD = 0.26 at 405 nm) was set at 1.88 µg/ml, and serum samples from 16 patients with HCC showed concentration above the cut off level 5. The level of EMA was quantified in selected 100 patients with HCC against sera collected from 35 healthy individuals as a negative control. The mean ± S.E (µg/ml) of EMA concentration in HCC patients were 6.74±0.87 µg/ml. However, those in normal individual samples were 0.93±0.08 µg/ml. 6. There are highly significant difference (P < 0.001) between the level of EMA in HCC patients and healthy individuals. 7. The diagnostic value of EMA was assessed by ROC curve. The AUC of EMA was 0.977 and the best cut-off was 1.88 µg/ml. 8. The sensitivity of EMA in HCC patients was 81% and the Specificity of EMA in the healthy individuals was 100%. The positive predictive value (PPV) of this test was 100% and the negative predictive (NPV) value was 65%. The efficiency of this test was 86%.