الفهرس 
Contents
General IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Phosphate ore is starting material for all phosphate products and is the main source of phosphorus for fertilizer production. Therefore,the phosphate industry is considered one of the basic industries that play an important economic role for developing countries in their pursuit for becoming high agricultural countries. According to that, it was necessary that studying the thermal properties, internal structure and Bonding shapes for those materials.Also, In this work, the radiological Parameters of the Egyptianphosphate ore and it’s fertilizer material,These radiological Parameters are mainly Uranium, Thorium, Potassium, the radio-nuclides that are created as their radioactive decay chains and their hazard index parameters,as well as, Emanation of Radon gas (222Rn of lifetime 3.8 d) into air occurs as a product of Uranium 238U and Thorium 232Th decay chains, respectively. The short lived decay products of radon are responsible for most of the hazards by inhalation and most of dangerous diseases in our environment. Therefore,the purpose of the present study was to determine the level of NORM in the Egyptian phosphate ores and some localfertilizer phosphate. These studies are expected to serve as baseline data of natural radioactivity level and will be useful in assessing public doses.
The first Chapter, (Introduction), presents detailed information about phosphate fertilizer production, phosphate reserves, phosphate resources and locations of phosphate in Egypt. Also, The basic information about Natural Occurring Radioactive Materials ( NORMs ), definition, origin, their hazards and the different types of equilibrium on successive radioactive transformation. Also, itgive detailed information about radon gas as a source of natural occurring radioactive sources and it’s radioactive series. In this chapter the aim of the work is précised and literature surveying.
The second chapter,(Experimental Methods),discusses the techniques that used in this work. Those different atomic and nucleartechniques in the elemental analysis of any sample under study are useful to obtain a clear picture and perfect analysis for this sample. Understanding the limitations and accuracy of each technique help the researchers to choose the suitable one for her study and serve as baseline data for each technique.
The third chapter, (Results and Discussion), presents the experimental results of all techniques that used in our work as the elemental analysis of phosphate fertilizer components samples by TGA, DTA, XRF and IR Methods, as well as, The concentrations of 238U, 232Th, and 40K in commonly used phosphate ores and fertilizer in Egypt were measured using high-purity germanium detector (HPGe). The concentration of radon released from those materials was measured using an ALPHAGUARD radon monitor. Consequently, the radon emanation coefficient and its exhalation rate were calculated. In addition, hazard indexes of radium equivalent activity (Raeq), external hazard index (Hex), internal hazard index (Hin) and annual effective dose associated with those radionuclides were calculated and compared with worldwide safety limit according to UNSCEAR equations.