الفهرس 
PHYSIOLOGY OF MALE REPRODUCTION
AIM OF THE WORKOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The male reproductive system is controlled by the reproductive hormonal axis made up of the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland and the testis. Luteinising hormone (LH), one of the three important gonadotrophin hormones, is essential for human reproduction. Its primary role in the male is to stimulate the production of testosterone by the Leydig cells which then, together with FSH, regulate spermatogonial cell formation and spermatogenesis in the testes.
Infertility is either primary or secondary. The most common type of male infertility is idiopathic infertility, which is characterized by the presence of one or more abnormal semen parameters with no identifiable cause. Another common cause of male infertility is varicocele, Varicocele are the most prevalent abnormal physical finding in male infertility, with a prevalence of 19 –41% of men with primary infertility and 45–81% of men with secondary infertility.
Varicocele is an abnormal dilatation of the testicular veins of the pampiniform plexus in the scrotum due to increased pressure in the internal spermatic vein.
Varicocele has been evaluated as one of the potential causes of increased ROS and oxidative stress. This may, in fact be one of the main mechanisms of action of varicocele in inducing subfertility. ROS can be produced by immature spermatozoa and leukocytes within the male genital tract.
Sperm abnormalities have long been associated with male infertility. sperm structure can play a substantial role in both fertilization and pregnancy outcome. The causes of defective sperm structure may be environmental such as varicocele, genetic, or a combination of both.
Spermatozoa abnormalities were classified into three groups: primary abnormalities (those affecting the sperm head and acrosome), secondary abnormalities (affecting the midpiece), and tertiary abnormalities (tail damage).
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