الفهرس 
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Abstract
To create a reliable bond between the ceramic material and adhesive resins, different ceramic surface treatments have been introduced. The use of different surface treatment to increase the micromechanical retention of all ceramic restorations prior to cementation has been reported to affect the flexural strength.
Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chemical and mechanical surface treatment of zirconia ceramic on the biaxial flexural strength and the topography of the material using scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Materials and methods: In the current study a total number of 32 zirconia discs were fabricated from IPS e.max ZirCAD (13 1.5mm) using CAD/CAM technology, and divided into four groups according to the surface treatments, eight samples for each Group. Group I, no surface treatment (control group). Group II, surface treatment of the ceramic discs by airborne particle abrasion with AL2O3 (110 μm). Group III, surface treatments of the ceramic discs by combination between airborne particle abrasion with AL2O3 (110 μm) followed by silanization with Metal/Zirconia Primer. Group IV, surface treatments of the ceramic discs by experimental hot chemical etching solution composed of methanol, hydrochloric acid and ferric chloride for 60 min at 100oC.
The zirconia discs were then subjected to scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination to examine the surface topography of the Y-TZP ceramic surfaces before and after surface treatments. Biaxial flexural strength test by
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using a universal testing machine and the number of fragments produced was recorded.
Statistical Analysis, multiple comparisons of the group means were made utilizing a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a paired Tukey’s multiple range test comparison at a significance level of P≤ 0.05.
Results: The results revealed statistic significant difference in flexural strength between the four groups. Group II recorded the highest statistically significant flexural strength mean value (1076.9) MPa followed by Group III (1050.1) MPa and Group I (859.51) MPa while the group IV recorded lowest statistically significant flexural strength mean values (691.47 MPa). There is no significant difference between Group II and Group III.
Conclusions: Air abrasion surface treatment resulted in the highest flexural strength followed by air abrasion with silanization