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Abstract Summary Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is a biologic process that promotes bone formation between cut osseous surfaces that are gradually separated by incremental traction. (The technique of bone lengthening by DO was first described in 1905 by codvila, (but it remained undeveloped until Dr GavrielA. Ilizarov, a Russian physician, further developed the technique in the 1950s in Kurgan in West Siberia. DO developed and used in craniofacial region with successful experience and promising results with many draw backs The main drawbacks is the inferior bone quality of bone regenerate especially with rapid distraction compared to normal bone, and several studies were conducted either clinically or experimentally to improve bone quality and quantity The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of stem cells application in rapid distraction rate on the quality and quantity of mandibular new bone regenerate following DO in goats. The rapid distraction rate was 2 mm/day. The study was conducted on 14 goat. The animals were divided to two equal groups. Group I (Study group), the distraction rate was 2 mm/day for five days with application of stem cells at the end of distraction twice one after 10 days and second application after 20 days (3 million cell). Group II (Control group), the distraction rate was 1 mm/day for 10 days. Animal were examined clinically through the study. Samples were dissected from the animal cadavers to be assessed radiographically by cone beam computed tomography to assess distracted bone dimension and density and histological assessment of bone samples stained by Trichrome Masson stain and H&E stain. Results were tabulated and assessed by independent sample t-test to assess statistical significance, Cohen’s d to assess sample size and concordance correlation coefficient to measure to assess the interexaminer error of assessment. Radiographic evaluation showed decrease in distracted bone dimension but of no statistical significance which may be attributed to small sample size. Radiographically there was an increase in bone density with no statistical significance but the CBCT method of assessment needs improvement in further studies because unfortunately there was poor correlation between the examiners. Histological and histomorphic evaluation showed highly significant improvement in bone trabeculae size and bone quality. Stem cells showed promising results in improving bone quality of the distraction osteogenesis bone regenerate and compensated the bad effect of rapid distraction on bone, but still in need for further examination |