الفهرس 
Introduction and aim of the workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane vesicles, which eukaryotic cells secrete into their extracellular environment. They are formed as intraluminal vesicles by inward budding of the limiting membrane into the lumen of late endosomes . Upon fusion of thus arising multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane , these vesicles are released as exosomes and enter body fluids such as blood plasma , urine and saliva. They Contain certain combinations of lipids , proteins , adhesion and intercellular signaling molecules as well as ribonucleic acid .
They participate in intercellular communication processes, and Depending on their origin, exosomes can modulate immune-regulatory processes , set up tumor escape mechanisms and mediate regenerative or degenerative processes. They have numerous specific immune functions and diverse potential applications in pathologies.
With no doubt , other systems and functions will be deciphered in the coming years.They appear as promising new tools for the clinical diagnostic potential as a biomarkers which might help to improve diagnostics in a variety of diseases and potentially for therapeutic stratigies as they can provide a powerful vehicle to deliver drugs , proteins , siRNAs or any other molecules to specific tissues and cell types.
However, many questions remain concerning their physiological relevance , but the current expansion of the scientific community working on these fascinating vesicles will hopefully help address these issues and lead , in the next years, to major advances in understanding their functions.
Many issues remain to be clarified , such as (1) The stimuli and the molecular mechanisms that regulate the assembly of the exosomes and their transfer from donor to acceptor cells ; (2) The stimuli that trigger the release of the exosomes from donor cells ; (3)The nature of the surface receptors at the acceptor cells that confer exquisite specificity ; (4) The complete diagnostic potential of exosomes for the whole range of metabolic diseases ; (5) The strategies to prevent the formation or to induce the removal from the circulation of potentially harmful exosomes ; and (6) The therapeutic role in regenerative medicine of the potency of EMVs to modify the phenotype and function of acceptor cells.