الفهرس 
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Abstract
The first clear idea of mathematical logie was formula- ted by Leibnz. The first results were obtained by A. de Morgan (1806 1876) and G. Boole (1815-1864), the entire A high point of this later development goes back to Boole. development is the appearance of the principia mathematica (1910 1913) by A.N whitehead and B. Rusell. Most recently Hilbert, in a series of papers and university lectures, has used the logical calculus to find a new way of building up mathematics which makes it possible to recognize the consist- ency of the postulates adopted
The second development which was initiated by the discov- ery of the reflexive paradox was Brouwer’s intuitionistic logie and arithmetic, the most novel feature of which was the denial of the terium- non- datur, the principle of logic which asserts that every proposition is either true, or false, no third possibility presenting itself. The rejection of the tertium non- datur eliminates the reflexive paradox since the paradox rests on the assumption that every class either is, or is not, a member of itself, but it also invalidates the famil- iar interpretations of a considerable part of arithmetic (although Gödel has shown that intuitionistic arithmetic inel- udes the whole of classical arithmetic, in the sense that to any formula provable by classical logic corresponds a formula provable by intuitionistic logie).
See introduction.