الفهرس 
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Abstract
A. formation of the neural tube generally the central nervous system of the vertebrate is ectodermal in origin. Since the initial experiments done by kallen (1965), he demonstrated that the neural differentiation in the ectoderm result in the ectoderm result in the formation of the neural plate. the plate soon folds into a neural groove, bounded by the thickened neural folds. the groove then deepens and narrows until the neural folds meet, thereby rolling the original plate into the neural tube. At the completion of the process, the tube lies below the surface of the epidermis, and has detached from it. The formation of the hollow neural tube from the originating medullary plate continues until both ends of the tube are closed.