الفهرس 
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Arthroscopy is a minimally invasive technique for visualizing the inside of a joint. The word arthroscopy comes from two Greek words, ”arthro” (joint) and ”skopein” (to look). In the last 5 years, the wrist has become the third most common joint to undergo arthroscopy, after the knee and shoulder.1 The incisions used with wrist arthroscopy are smaller and disrupt less soft tissue than conventional open surgery, which minimizes pain, swelling and stiffness and fastens recovery.
Wrist arthroscopy is a commonly used procedure that has undergone many modificationsand improvements since it was first described. The first wrist arthroscopy was described by Chen in 1979 2, more than 50 years after Professor Kenji Takagi first reported large-jointarthroscopy in 1920.3In 1986 Roth etal.4presented an “Instructional Course Lecture” on wrist arthroscopy at the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons meeting, which brought wrist arthroscopy into mainstream orthopaedic surgery. Since then, wrist arthroscopy has continued to evolve as an essential diagnostic and therapeutic tool.5
Now the indications of wrist arthroscopy are increasing & expanding due to advances & research performed in the world of wrist arthroscopy. Wrist arthroscopy can help in the diagnosis of wrist pain of unknown origin & can be used to take synovial biopsy. It can also help in the assessment of wrist instability, as well as the staging of Kienböck’s disease. Wrist arthroscopy can be used in a variety of exicisional and drainage procedures, as in bacterial sampling, drainage, and joint lavage, synovectomy, excision of dorsal & volar ganglia, or bony procedures as in excision of distal pole of scaphoid, proximal pole of scaphoid, distal ulna (wafer procedure), exicion of hamate, lunate or pisiform, proximal-row carpectomy, ulnar & radial styloidectomy. It is also useful for articular cartilage lesions & triangular fibrocartilage complex tears. Wrist arthroscopy can also be used in many repair procedures, as in the repair of dorsal radiocarpal ligament. It is also used in cases of lunotriquetral instability, scapholunate instability, distal radius fractures, peri-lunate dislocation, scaphoidfractures. Reconstructive procedures have their place in the world of wrist arthroscopy as well as in scapholunate ligament reconstruction, distal radioulnar joint stabilization, bone graft to scaphoid nonunion, limited wrist fusion &full wrist fusion.6
Endoscopic carpal tunnel release (ECTR) is a useful technique for achieving median nerve decompression and both the one-portal and two-portal techniques have gained popularity since their introduction two decades ago.7 However, it is not considered superior to conventional open carpal tunnel release and it can result in iatrogenic injuries, such as transection of the median nerve, flexor tendons, or even the ulnar nerve, mostly because of technical errors.8The pressure that the median nerve has to sustain during insertion of the cannula into the carpal tunnel has never been quantitatively measured, and there have been reports of iatrogenic damage to the median nerve, even if the procedure is followed accurately.9Unless the effect of cannula insertion on the median nerve function can be quantitatively elucidated, Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release will not come to be regarded as a standard procedure for rescuing the median nerve from chronic compression. Although Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel release undoubtedly has limitations and has not been proven to offer considerable advantages over Open Carpal Tunnel Release,10 this procedure could emerge as one of the standard techniques for median nerve decompression if the indications for Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release could be clearly defined.8