الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The macrovascular diseases are common causes of morbidity and mortality among people with diabetes. The central pathological mechanism in macrovascular disease is the process of atherosclerosis. Type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease share common metabolic antecedents, including impaired glucose tolerance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and abdominal obesity.
Measuring carotid intima media thickness (c-IMT) of the common carotid artery by B-mode ultrasonography was found to be suitable to monitor early stages of atherosclerosis. Moreover, c-IMT has been reported to be an indicator of CVD. Today, c-IMT measurements represent the preferred technique for noninvasively assessing atherosclerosis in most clinical trial studies. In addition to its value in the diagnosis of PAD, the ABI can also be used to assess generalized atherosclerosis. It is already known that an inverse relationship exists between the ABI and cardiovascular diseases.
It is now generally recognized that white adipose tissue, in addition to serving as a long-term energy store, is also an active endocrine organ that secretes a number of bioactive molecules, collectively termed adipokines. One of the newly discovered adipokines, chemerin regulates fat formation and metabolism and affects the metabolism of fat cell differentiation and adipose tissue inflammatory response through the paracrine and autocrine systems. Circulating levels of chemerin are elevated in obesity and correlate with markers of inflammation and metabolic syndrome. Thus, altered chemerin secretion may be of pathological relevance to various disorders associated with adipose dysfunction, including obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes, inflammation, insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis.