الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Nosocomial infections (NIs) are one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). The incidence of infections varies widely among NICUs (7-25.5%), depending on environmental factors and differences in clinical practice
Nosocomial infected patients were defined [by US department of health and human services centers for diseases prevention and control] as all patients who neither infected nor were in incubation period at time of admission and had positive culture after third day of admission
NIs are one of the most important problems in all hospitals. Sophisticated and accelerated improvements in diagnostic and therapeutic methods have helped significant progress in clinical medicine but with plentiful using of invasive technologies, severe and fatal nosocomial infections cause many damages every day
Neonatal deaths account for over a third of the global burden of child mortality. In many developing countries neonatal mortality rates (deaths in the first 28 days of life) are as high as 40–50 per 1000 live births, with infections being the major cause of death. Unfortunately, hospitals in developing countries are at high risk of infection transmission, and improvements in neonatal outcomes are subverted by hospital-acquired infections and their associated morbidity, mortality and cost. These infections can be attributed to lack of knowledge and training about basic infection control processes, coupled with inadequate infrastructure, systems of care and resources. This has serious consequences when devices such as intravenous catheters and ventilators are introduced without sufficient attention to the substantial risk of infection they entail
Bloodstream infections (BSI) are the most frequent neonatal infection in the NICU (45-55%), followed by respiratory infections (16-30%) and urinary tract infections (UTIs) (8-18%) Low gestational age and birth weight are the two most frequently identified individual risks for neonatal infection
Birth weight has been advocated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as a variable for device associated NI risk-stratified rate reporting in high-risk nurseries; however, this strategy has been rarely evaluated in neonates who are admitted to NICU in developing countries
Healthcare workers’ (HCWs) hands are the most common vehicle for the transmission of healthcare-associated pathogens from patient to patient and within the healthcare environment.