الفهرس 
Acknowledgement
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Abstract
This study was carried out in the two separated experiments during three successive seasons of 2011, 2012 and 2013 at El-Maghara Experimental Station of Desert Research Center. North Sinai Governorate, Egypt.
The grapevine cuttings of, Superior, 1103 Paulsen, 110 Richter, and Salt creek (Ramsey), were collected from El-Egaizy vineyard at El-Sadat city, Menoufia government; White Khalili and Black Balady were collected from rainfall vineyard at El-Maghara region, North Sinai government.
The present two experiments included three factors, salinity (S), drought (D) and rootstocks (RS). The first factor (S) composed from three levels of salinity 1000, 2000 and 3000 ppm. The second factor (D) composed from three levels of drought 100%, 75% and 50% ETc. and the third factor (RS) contained five grapevine rootstocks for first experiment and six Superior grapevines (five on different rootstocks plus own rooted) for second experiment. The design of this study was split split plot design, involving three salinity levels, as main plot and three drought levels in sub plot, whereas either five rootstocks or six nurslings of Superior grapevine in sub sub plot.
Evaluation of the tested rootstocks to salinity and drought levels was carried out in respect of the following:
• Growth parameters (Plant height, shoot length, stem and shoot thickness, leaf area, number of leaves and shoots, root distribution, the dry weight of shoots and roots, top/root)
• Field determination of compatibility constant (FCC)
• Leaf Chemical composition (total chlorophyll content, free proline content, chloride, potassium and sodium)
• Yield and fruit quality (total yield, clusters number per vine, average cluster weight, weight berries, total soluble solids and total acidity)
The results obtained during the course of manuscript will be demonstrated as separate tow experiment as follows.
1. The first experiment
1.1 Vegetative growth traits:
• Shoot growth and leaf parameters such as (shoot length, shoot thickness, laterals number, leaves number, leaf area and chlorophyll content) of grapevine rootstocks were significantly decreased linearly with increasing either salinity levels from 1000 to 3000 ppm or drought levels from 1.0 to 0.5 ETc.
• The salinity stress was effective than the drought stress
• All salinity and drought combinations significantly decreased shoot growth and leaf traits.
• Black Balady recorded the highest significant main shoot growth and leaf traits than other rootstocks, while lower ones were recorded of 1103P (Paulsen).
• All studied combinations significantly increased the shoot growth and leaf characters of studied rootstocks compared to 1103P Paulsen rootstock.
1.2. Leaf chemical compositions
• Free proline content, chloride and sodium were significantly increased whereas, potassium significantly decreased linearly with increasing in the salinity levels from 1000 to 3000 ppm.
• Free proline, chloride and sodium were significantly increased, but potassium was significantly decreased linearly with increasing in the drought levels from 1.0 ETc (D1) to 0.50 ETc (D3)
• Salinity accompanied drought was more effective in increasing the free Proline, chloride and sodium or decreasing potassium compared to separate effect of either salinity or drought.
• Black Balady recorded the highest significant free proline and potassium, and lowest chloride and sodium than other rootstocks, while lowest free proline and potassium, and highest chloride and sodium were recorded of 1103P
• Significantly higher free proline were noticed in Black Balady, White Khalili and Salt Creek rootstocks, while the least free proline were recorded on 1103P and 110R rootstocks grown under the salinity level S1 and drought level D1 in the third studied season, respectively.
• Significantly higher potassium, and lower chloride and sodium were noticed in Black Balady, White Khalili and Salt Creek rootstocks grown under the salinity level S1 and drought level D1 in the third studied season, respectively. On other hand, the significant least potassium, and highest chloride and sodium were recorded on 1103P and 110R rootstocks grown under the salinity level S3 (3000ppm) and drought level D3 (0.5 ETc) in the third studied season, respectively.
1.3. Shoot and root dry weight and top/root ratio
• The shoots and roots dry weights of studied rootstocks were significantly decreased whereas; top/root ratio was significantly increased linearly with increasing the salinity levels from 1000 to 3000 ppm.
• Shoots and roots dry weights were significantly decreased whereas; top/root ratio was significantly increased linearly with increasing the drought levels from 1.0 to 0.5 ETc.
• All salinity and drought combinations significantly decreased the shoot and root dry weight whereas, significantly increased the top/root ratio.
• Black Balady rootstock recorded the highest shoot and root dry weight as well as least values of top/root ratio than other rootstocks. On other hand, the lowest shoot and root dry weight, as well as the highest top/root ratio were recorded by 1103P and 110R
2. The second experiment
2.1. Vegetative growth traits:
• Shoot growth and leaf parameters such as (shoot length, stem thickness, laterals number, leaves number, leaf area and chlorophyll content) of Superior scions onto different rootstocks were significantly decreased linearly with increasing either salinity levels from 1000 to 3000 ppm or drought levels from 1.0 to 0.5 ETc.
• The salinity stress were effective than the drought stress
• All salinity and drought combinations significantly decreased shoot growth and leaf traits.
• The Superior scions onto any rootstocks significantly increased the shoot growth and leaf traits compared to ungrafted ones (own-rooted). Scions onto Black Balady recorded the highest significant shoot growth and leaf traits than other rootstocks, while lower ones was recorded of grafted on 1103P (Paulsen)
• All studied combinations significantly increased the growth of Superior grapevine that grafted on any studied rootstocks compared to own-rooted
• Either Black Balady or White Khalili rootstocks gave the highest values of studied growth traits.
• All combination of salinity at 1000 ppm (S1), irrigated at 1.0 ETc (D1) or 0.75 ETc (D2) and used Black Balady (RS2) or White Khalili (RS1) as rootstocks were significantly increased the shoot growth and leaf traits compared to other combinations.
2.2. Leaf chemical compositions
• Free proline content, chloride and sodium were significantly increased whereas, potassium significantly decreased linearly with increasing in the salinity levels from 1000 to 3000 ppm.
• Free proline, chloride and sodium were significantly increased, but potassium was significantly decreased linearly with increasing in the drought levels from 1.0 ETc (D1) to 0.50 ETc (D3)
• Salinity accompanied drought was more effective in increasing the free proline, chloride and sodium or decreasing potassium compared to separate effect of either salinity or drought.
• The grafted Superior grapevine onto any rootstocks significantly increased the free proline and potassium, whereas, the chloride and sodium content significantly decreased compared to own-rooted ones.
• Scions onto Black Balady recorded the highest significant free proline and potassium, and significantly lowest chloride and sodium contents than other rootstocks, while the lowest and highest ones were recorded on own-rooted ones.
• All combination of salinity at 3000 ppm (S3), irrigated at 0.5 ETc (D3), and used Black Balady (RS2) or White Khalili (RS1), as rootstocks were significantly increased the free proline and potassium, as well as S3D3 and used Paulsen(1103P, RS5) or Richter (110R, RS4) significantly increased chloride and sodium contents
2.3. Field compatibility constant (FCC)
• Field compatibility constant (FCC) significantly decreased linearly with increasing in the salinity or drought levels after three studied seasons.
• All salinity and drought combinations significantly decreased the field compatibility constant.
• Black Balady recorded the highest significant of (FCC) than other rootstocks, while lowest of (FCC) was recorded of 1103P (Paulsen)
• Significantly higher (FCC) values were recorded of Superior scions onto Black Balady or White Khalili rootstocks grown under the salinity level S1 and drought level D1 after three studied seasons, respectively. On other hand, the significant least (FCC) values were recorded of Superior scion onto 1103P or 110R rootstocks grown under the salinity level S3 (3000 ppm) and drought level D3 (0.5 ETc) after three studied seasons, respectively.
• All combination with either Black Balady or White Khalili as rootstocks gave the significant highest of (FCC) compared to other combinations.
2.4. Roots distribution
• Numbers of fine and thick roots were significantly decreased linearly with increasing the salinity or drought levels.
• All salinity and drought combinations significantly decreased the number of fine and thick roots at different depths.
• Grafted Superior grapevine onto any rootstocks significantly increased the either fine and thick roots and its distribution under different depths compared to ungrafted ones (own-rooted)
• Vine grafted on Black Balady recorded the highest significant fine and thick roots than other rootstocks, while lower ones were recorded of own-rooted ones.
• All combination with either Black Balady or White Khalili gave the highest values studied roots traits compared to other combinations
• The number and percentage of fine roots were highest at depths 0 – 20 cm.
• The growth of fine roots was increased with depth increase from 20- 40 cm followed decrease due to increase the depth from 40 – 60 cm. On other hand, the highest number or percentage of thick roots was found at depth of 20 - 40 cm
• Significantly maximum numbers of fine or thick roots were recorded in Black Balady followed by White Khalili and Salt Creek. Contrary, the minimum numbers of roots were recorded in own-rooted and 1103P (Paulsen)
2.5. Yield and berry quality
• Yield, clusters numbers and weight,berry weight and total acidity of Superior grapevine grafted onto different rootstocks were significantly decreased, whereas, TSS was increased, linearly with increasing in the salinity and drought levels.
• All salinity and drought combinations significantly decreased the yield traits and total acidity, but increased TSS.
• Black Balady recorded the highest significant yield traits than other rootstocks, while lower ones were recorded of scions on 1103P.
• Significantly higher yield were recorded in Black Balady (RS2), 110R Richter (RS4) and White Khalili (RS1) grown under S1D1, respectively.On other hand, the significant least yield were (345g) due to 1103P (RS5) at S3D1.All combination with either Black Balady or White Khalili gave the highest values studied berry quality compared to other combinations
Conclusion:
On the light of the pervious results, it could be concluded that:
• Black Balady and White Khalili can be used as suitable rootstocks for tolerance of salinity and drought stress.
• Black Balady and White Khalili are the best rootstocks to increase tolerance of salinity and drought for Superior scions
• To decrease the adverse effects of salinity should be increase the irrigation water
• For increasing water use efficiency (WUE) of Superior vines should be graft onto Black Balady or White Khalili and add 0.75 ETc (water requirements)
These advantages will eventually enable growers to utilize low economic and marketable value of some grapevine varieties the optimum exploitation by use as rootstocks, use the limited quality water to production crop holder of high economic value and ability to grow the sensitive grapevine varieties to salinity and drought by grafting on tolerant rootstocks.
Future line of work:
• Salt tolerance varies with species, and tolerance of grapes can be significantlyimproved by selecting suitable rootstocks. In the present investigation only two rootstocks (Black Balady and White Khalili) were used. The performance ofcommercial varieties on other rootstocks (Salt Creek and Richter) undervarying levels of salinity (above 8 dSm-1) may be tried.
• To improve grape rootstocks advantages tolerance should have studied the limiting factors biotic and a biotic stress.
• Aquaporins proteins play an important role in grapevine rootstocks vigour and control of water use during drought. So, should be determining the expression of the aquaporin genes in Black Balady and White Khalili.