الفهرس 
Chapter 1General IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 158 |  |  |
| | | from | 158 | | |
Abstract
The aim of this work is to monitor the freshwater quality in Suez Canal region and to determine the efficacy of water treatment system in the removal of contaminates like cyanotoxins especially microcystins variant RR, YR, LR, OPPs and OCPs residues (MTH, ALD, DNZ, FNT, DRS, CRS) and heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Cd, Mn, Cu, Ni, Hg, and As) and also to study the physicochemical properties of water before and after treatment processes.
The thesis consists of five chapters.
Chapter 1
Includes general introduction about Suez Canal region (Ismailia, Port Said, and Suez), freshwater resources, objectives of the study, and sites for raw water sampling.
Chapter 2
In this chapter, assessment of drinking-water quality is described in terms of the concentration and state (dissolved or particulate) of some or all of the organic and inorganic material present in the water, together with certain physical characteristics of the water. It is determined by in situ measurements and by examination of water samples on site or in the laboratory. The hydrographic parameters recorded were air and water temperatures, pH, electric conductivity (EC), turbidity, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen content (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), nitrite, nitrate, ammonium and phosphorus. All measured physicochemical parameters of raw water samples are within the acceptable limits except chemical oxygen demand (COD) is above the acceptable limits this may be due to dumping of animal waste and the presence of a number of sewage pipes that empty into the canal, but all measured physicochemical parameters of treated (tap) water samples are within the acceptable limits.
Chapter 3
A simple, rapid and sensitive isocratic reversed phase HPLC method using C18 column has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of the cyanobacterial toxins MCs (RR-YR-LR) in Suez Canal pre-treated freshwater in three Egyptian governorates, Ismailia, Port Said, and Suez. This was accomplished under reversed-phase isocratic conditions made on a 250 X4.6 mm (id) Luna 5 µm C18 column (Phenomenex, USA). The mobile phase was MeOH in water in ratio 60:40 containing 0.01% TFA as acidic organic modifier. The wavelength was set at 238nm and the flow rate was 1mL min-1.All determinations were performed at ambient temperature. Statistical analysis of the results reflects that the proposed method is precise, accurate and easily applicable for the determination of MCs (RR-YR-LR) in fresh water samples. Also, Identification and enumeration of cyanobacteria using Chlorophyll-a diagnostics, this was done using a Turner Designs- 700 bench-top fluorometer and ELISA tests. Two species of toxic cyanobacteria Microcystis and Gloeotrichia were identified in number of samples. MCs concentration measurements in water were below the guideline value during all research period.
Chapter 4
This chapter divided into three main parts:
A- General introduction about the most commonly used pesticides with the potential hazard and misuse and its impact on the environment.
B- A simple and reliable CG methods was used for determination of organophosphorus pesticides using FPD and organochlorine pesticides using ECD in freshwater and treated water samples taken along the Suez Canal region in the three governorates, Ismailia, Port Said and Suez results showed that methamidophos (1.97 ng L-1) and ethoprophos (1.73 ng L-1) were detected in freshwater samples collected from Port Said governorate in February 2009.
C- Application of a sensitive and rapid, optimized and validated liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) for the simultaneous determination of commonly used pesticides in Suez Canal Region located in Egypt. liquid–liquid extraction technique was performed for quantitative extraction of the studied pesticides (carbamates (MTH and ALD), organophosphorus (DRS and FNT), carbamate like (CRS) and triazole (DNZ) compounds) in freshwater samples). The HPLC separation and quantitation were made on a 250 x 4.6 mm (i. d.) Phenomenex (5 µm particle size) cyanopropyl column. The mobile phase was acetonitrile (mobile phase A) and water (mobile phase B. The gradient program consisted of 0-4 min 20% mobile phase A; 4-10 min gradient up to 35% mobile phase A; 10-15 min gradient up to 50% mobile phase A; 15-20 min gradient up to 60% . After 20 min the gradient was returned to the initial condition and the analytical column was reconditioned for 5 min.
The flow rate was 1.5 ml min-1. All determinations were performed at ambient temperature. The injection volume was 20 μl. The detector was set at 210 nm. The method was successfully applied for the analysis the six studied pesticides in synthetic mixture and freshwater samples.
Chapter 5
This chapter includes rapid and simple assessment of the pollution effects of heavy metals on Suez Canal region and determination of the bioaccumulation of these metals was made using atomic absorption spectrometer with deuterium background corrector. The concentration of some heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Cu, Mn) were determined in freshwater, treated water, in muscle of fish species (Tilapia nilotica) and sediment from the three governorates of Suez Canal region Ismailia, Port Said and Suez. It was found that in Ismailia and Suez all heavy metals concentrations in untreated water and tap water were within the acceptable ranges except lead was above the acceptable range in both untreated and tap water. In Port Said, all heavy metals are within the acceptable limits for both untreated and tap water. Fish samples collected from the three governorates showed an increase in cadmium and lead levels. This may be due to industrial wastes which needs more attention and monitoring. Sediment samples showed high levels of the studied heavy metals, so sediment may act as heavy metal reservoir especially during dredging processes which may cause dissolution of metals in water and rising the levels of heavy metals in water which suggest careful monitoring.