الفهرس 
Introduction and aim of the workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Diabetes is the most chronic medical condition affecting the reproductive health, and associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes (Brydon et al, 2000).
Pregnancy in women with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of congenital malformations, obstetric complications, and neonatal morbidity.
The prevalence of pregestational diabetes mellitus in women is increasing; according to WHO data from 1992 showed marked variability in the prevalence of diabetes among women of different ethnic groups (Omori, 1994).
Macrosomia is one of the common adverse outcomes associated with diabetic pregnancy. This condition is commonly associated with poor diabetic control, but maternal characteristics such as obesity may also contribute to fetuses of large size for gestational age.
Macrosomia is defined as birth weight ≥90th percentile) or birth weight of at least 4000 g is associated with both short- and long-term sequel including prolonged labor, shoulder dystocia and neonatal asphyxia, and is a frequent complication of diabetic pregnancies (Dunne F et al, 2003)
Strict metabolic control has been shown to improve perinatal outcome. However, despite improved perinatal mortality, macrosomia is still common and is associated with higher perinatal morbidity.
The rate of growth of fetuses of diabetic mothers differs from that of the normal population. Growth acceleration persists until the late third trimester. Moreover, periconceptional glucose control appears to have a significant effect on accelerated growth of the fetal abdominal area.
It affects foetal growth and foetal internal organ development especially in the third trimester causing so many complications but the most common is large increase in the femur length is an indicator for increased long bone growth, increase in abdominal wall thickness for increased fat accumulation -increased baby weight after birth and increased liver and kidney length indicates effect on organ growth.
This was a cross sectional study as we have done ultrasonographic examinations of 100 pregnant women. Fifty of them were singleton fetuses without congenital anomalies of non- obese pregnant women with abnormal oral glucose challenge test (GCT) results (group 1). This group one was compared with another fifty singleton fetuses without congenital anomalies of non- obese pregnant women with normal oral glucose challenge test (GCT) results (group 2).
All these subjects in this study were fulfilled according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria; technique we used was Trans abdominal ultrasound involving scanning through the lower abdomen. Curved linear probe approx 3-7 MHz depending upon maternal factors or transvaginal probe approx 5-9 MHz and use of non-latex cover is advised (Podobnik M, 1988).