الفهرس 
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Abstract
Drainage affects a host of biophysical soil properties and strongly
influences crop growth and quality. Drainage systems improve tield
operations, enhance growing conditions for crop production and increase
crop yields on poorly drained soils. The main problems which lead to a
perceived need to cover a drain are: to minimize the adverse impact of a
polluted drain, especially close to residential area, need to use the land
area occupied by the drain for an access road or some other use, poor soil
stability leading to bank failure, and to protect them from pollution.
The concrete pipes or box sections are used for drain covering, the
study area has specifically in the East El-Sharkia which in the East Delta.
In this study twenty drains covering are selected and redesign them as
pipe type with under pressure, under gravity flow and box type from pipe
type under pressure, under gravity flow by using Darcy, Hazen- WilIiams
and Manning equations. Hydraulic and economic studies are done to
evaluate these covering. The best alternative for each covering is chosen
in the hydraulic point, the economic point and the both hydraulic and
economic points.
The new approach is suggested also for covering. This approach is
constructing as a bridge which consists of two abutments from brick on
plain concrete footing and reinforced concrete slab. There are holes at
certain distance to carry out maintenance works. The slab, cap and
abutment are designed according to load equal 20t, 30t, 60t and 70t lorry
for spans I-Sm. Check of sliding, over-turning and stress are done for the
abutment. Design curves are designed for Egypt area. These charts
present the new approach design for covering. This approach is applied
for two drains (El-Ahras and Kafer El-Nosiry). The economic study for
this approach is dore also.