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Abstract Nearly 100 years ago WS Halsted opened the so-called ~mcdernn era of the breas~ cancer. it was a great innovation in the culture of thac period when breast cancer. as most other cancers. was consldered even by the medical profession to be an 1ncuraole disease. Today, we see more ano more breast carcinomas or less than 2 em in diameter whilst cases screen at mammography withou~ palpabLe mass are becoming frequent. more Although conservat1ve treatment is now cautiously entering common surgical pract1ce ror selected oreast cancers, there Is a number of unsolved problems about conservation approach iVerones, 1988!. Breast cance~ remains the commonest t~mate cancer and its treatment conttnues to be a hlghly contentious issue~ Around 13000 British women die annually from breast cancer and the Incidence of the di$ease appears to be increasing. However, treatment is changing and conservation has become mora popular; several studies are in progress comparing conservation treatments with conventional mastectomy. However, |