الفهرس 
LITERATURE REVIEWOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The present investigation studied the modulatory effects of
garlic (Allium sativum) in the form of aged extract
(200 mg/kg b.w, administrated orally for 30 consecutive
days) on malathion-induced toxicity (0.1 LD50, 89.5 mg/kg
b.w, administrated orally for 30 consecutive days),
carbaryl-induced toxicity (0.1 LD50, 33.9 mg/kg b.w,
administrated orally for 30 consecutive days), and their
mixture in adult male Wistar albino rats (Rattus
norvegicus). In addition, the study extended to detect any
side effects for the aged garlic extract (AGE) on healthy
rats.
The results obtained here declared that AGE had no
harmful effects on the body weight gain, relative organ
weights (liver, kidney, spleen and thymus), cellularity of
lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), serum
glucose and protein levels, serum lipid profile
(total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, HDL
cholesterol levels, and atherogenic indices). Also, AGE did
not significantly affect serum transaminases (AST and
ALT), serum alkaline phosphatise (ALP), and lactate
dehydrogenase (LDH) as well as blood glucose-6-
phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) activities, serum
bilirubin (total, direct and indirect) level, and
haematological parameters such as red blood corpuscles
(RBCs), total and differential leucocyte, and platelet
counts, haemoglobin (Hb) content, haematocrit (HCT)
value, blood indices, and clotting time, kidney functions
(serum urea and creatinine levels), and cellular immune
response of healthy rats. Moreover, it significantly
increased serum and liver total and reduced glutathione
level and liver reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG)
ratio, significantly decreased liver GSSG, and improved the
burn-healing process.
Treatment of rats with malathion and carbaryl
(separately or in mixture) for 30 consecutive days induced
a significant increase in the relative liver weight, cellularity
of bone marrow, serum glucose, triglyceride, total
and direct bilirubin, urea, and creatinine levels,
triglycerides/HDL-cholesterol ratio, serum transaminases
and ALP activities, blood G-6-PDH activity, and clotting
time. While, they induced a significant decrease in liver
and serum GSH, RBCs and platelets count, Hb content,
HCT value, and DTH response as well as a delay in burnhealing.
Also, treatment of rats with malathion alone for
30 consecutive days induced a significant increase in the
relative kidney weight, serum LDH activity, and total
agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes) count. On the
other hand, it significantly decreased serum total protein
and albumin levels, liver GSH/GSSG ratio, and total
granulocytes (neutrophils and eosinophils) count.
In addition, treatment of rats with carbaryl alone for
30 consecutive days induced a significant increase in serum
total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels, total
cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol/HDLcholesterol
ratios, and neutrophils count. On the other hand,
it significantly decreased relative weight and cellularity of
spleen and thymus and serum HDL-cholesterol level.
Moreover, treatment of rats with malathion and
carbaryl mixture for 30 consecutive days induced
a significant increase in the relative kidney weight, serum
total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels, total
cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol/HDLcholesterol
ratios, liver GSSG level, and serum LDH
activity. On the other hand, it significantly decreased the
body weight gain and relative thymus weight, cellularity of
spleen and thymus, serum HDL-cholesterol and albumin
levels, serum and liver total glutathione levels, serum
albumin/globulin and liver GSH/GSSG ratio, total and
differential leucocytes count. The pesticide-residues were
detected only in renal tissues of carbaryl and carbarylcontaining
mixture treated rats.
The results of the present thesis indicated that AGE
partially or completely modulated most of the side effects
induced by malathion and carbaryl (separately or in
mixture) on body and relative organs weights, cellularity of
lymphoid organs, serum glucose and protein levels, and
serum lipid profile and atherogenic indices. It decreased
also the amount of pesticide residues in renal tissues of
carbaryl and carbaryl-containing mixture treated rats.
Moreover, AGE modulated the elevation shown in
pesticide-treated rats in serum transaminases (AST and
ALT), serum ALP and LDH as well as blood G-6-PDH
activities, and serum total and direct bilirubin, urea, and
creatinine levels. It also modulated the decrease in serum
and liver GSH levels and cellular immune response as well
as the delay in burn-healing shown in pesticide-treated rats.
In addition, it modulated the normocytic normochromic
anaemia, the alteration in total and differential leucocyte
counts, the decrease in platelet count, and the increase in
clotting time that induced by pesticides.
On the other hand, AGE failed to modulate the
increase in the bone marrow cellularity, clotting time and
liver GSSG level in pesticides-mixture treated rats. Also, it
failed to modulate the decrease in serum and liver total
glutathione and serum GSH levels, and liver GSH/GSSG
ratio in pesticides-mixture treated rats.
In conclusion, AGE at 200 mg/kg b.w may be
beneficial in enhancing antioxidant activity, improving
immune response and decreasing the toxicity as well as
restoring many of the physiological and biochemical
functions in pesticide-induced toxicity.