الفهرس 
HistoryOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Summary and Conclusion
The history of surgical robotics begins with Kwoh who first used a
robotic system, PUMA 560, to perform neurosurgical biopsies in 1985.
After that the U.S. army starts to develop robotic surgical systems to help
the wounded soldiers in the battle field.
Two major companies are now developing these systems, Intuitive
Surgical and Computer Motion. These systems are the Zeus and Da Vinci
surgical systems. The da Vinci system (Intuitive Surgical, Sunny Vale,
Ca, USA) is the most famous robotic surgical system currently available.
It exists of three components connected by cables: the surgeon console,
the surgical arm cart and the vision cart.
The desirable characteristics of current therapeutic robotic systems
include platform stability, motion scaling, tremor reduction, excellent
visualization, and articulation of end effectors. Taken in combination,
these characteristics create a .highly effective therapeutic system for
performing surgical procedures. Robotics has made minimally invasive
techniques accessible to patients for whom the procedures could not be
performed using conventional laparoscopic techniques. Furthermore,
enhancements in precision may aid surgeons in performing a variety of
advanced minimally invasive surgery procedures.
Robotic devices are now available for clinical use. But their use is
indeed controversial.The controversy revolves around a few key issues.
The biggest of these is cost, the current systems are also cumbersome.
With respect to the technology itself, the absence of tactile feedback
raises great controversy for many surgeons.
Summary & Conclusion
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Across many surgical specialties, robotic surgery have many
applications. In general surgery robotic surgery was found to be useful in
performing different surgical procedures including cholecystectomy,
antireflux surgery, bariatric surgery, colectomy, splenectomy,
pancreaticoduodenectomy and others. Urologists were the most surgeons
who benefit from robotic systems. They used these systems to perform
radical prostatectomy, pyeloplasty, radical cystectomy, nephrectomy and
others. In cardiac surgery it is found to be useful in valve replacement
surgery and in coronary revascularization. Also other specialities benefit
from robotic surgery including neurosurgery, ophthalmology and
gynecology.
Robotic surgery is a new technology that may replace traditional
surgery in the future. It makes difficult operations more easier to perform
and will allow more surgeons to perform advanced laparoscopic
operations. In the future it will be smaller and much easier to use and will
have semiautonomous control.