الفهرس 
SURGICAL ANATOMY OF THE SPINE
Development of vertebraeOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Vertebral compression fracture ( reduction in individual vertebral body height by 20% or 4mm )54 is an important cause of severe debilitating back pain, adversely affecting quality of life, physical function, psychosocial performance, mental health and survival. 55The fractures may be as a result of bone weakened by osteoporosis, trauma, or tumors such as metastases, multiple myeloma, and hemangioma Pain is the cardinal presentation either low back pain Neuroimaging : To identify the fracture, estimate the duration of fracture, define fracture anatomy, assess posterior vertebral body wall deficiency and exclude other causes of back pain like facet arthropathy, spinal canal stenosis or disc herniation ,spinal tumor. Conservative treatment including bed rest, short course of NSAID, physiotherapy and bracing give response in the majority of cases.When conservative treatment options have proven ineffective,two minimally invasive procedures, called vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty may be considered as treatment options. Recent advances in spinal procedures have reduced the need for invasive surgery, in many case.