الفهرس 
1-Abstract.
Histo-anatomical picture & differential diagnosis of hearingOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
It is well recognized that hearing is critical to speech and language development, communication, and learning. Children with listening difficulties due to hearing impairment or auditory processing problems continue to be an under identified and underserved population.
Hearing loss is the result of sound signals not reaching the brain. There are two main types of hearing loss, depending on where the problem lies: sensorineural hearing loss and conductive hearing loss . It’s also possible to have both these types of hearing loss. This is known as mixed hearing loss.
The earlier hearing impairment occurs in a child’s life, the more serious the effects on the child’s development. Similarly, the earlier the problem is identified and intervention began, the less serious the ultimate impact.
There are many ways in which hearing impairment affects children .It causes delay in the development of receptive and expressive communication skills (speech and language).Also language deficit causes learning problems that result in reduced academic achievement. Communication difficulties often lead to social isolation and poor self-concept. It may have an impact on vocational choices.
Children with hearing impairment often report feeling Lonely, without friends, and unhappy in school, particularly when their socialization with other children with hearing impairment is limited.
Hearing impairment can lead to social isolation for several reasons. First, the child experiences delayed social development that is in large part tied to delayed language acquisition. It is also directly tied to their inability to pick up auditory social cues. This can result in a hearing impaired children becoming generally irritable. A child who has a severe impairment and uses some sign language may be rejected by his or her deaf peers, because of an understandable hesitation in abandoning (worry) the use of existent verbal and speech-reading skills.
Hearing impaired children might be at greater risk for behavior problems than hearing youth. Behavior problems are classified as internalizing and externalizing behavior problem. Child behavior problems have been shown to negatively impact a range of developmental, social, and educational outcomes.
There has been substantial progress in understanding the complex relationships between biological, family, and social systems that lead to behavior problems. However, some relationships still require clarification, such as the one between language and behavior problems.
Children diagnosed with language disorders showing a higher incidence of behavior problems and, conversely, children diagnosed with behavior problems showing a higher incidence of language disorders. However, it is not clear whether deficits in language lead to behavior problems, result from them, or whether the two are independent manifestations of a more general developmental process.
In order to assess the impact of the degree of hearing impairment on the children , many questionnaires was used and by comparing the results of the different levels of hearing impairment , it was found that even slight/mild hearing impairment can result in negative consequences for the biopsychosocial development of the children. But still mild degree of hearing impairment has the less effect on hearing impaired children.