الفهرس 
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Abstract
This investigation was designed to study the chemical and technological properties of sugar beet molasses .The production of high fructose syrup from sugar beet molasses was very significant in industry .
In the first part of this investigation the chemical and technological properties of sugar beet molasses were studied as follows :
1- Physical properties :
Total soluble solids , specific gravity and purity .
2- Chemical properties :
Total nitrogen content , amino acids , ash , minerals , metallic ions , sugars fractions, pH value , percentage of acidity .
and organic acids .
In the second part of this investigation was the production of high fructose syrup from the clarified diluted solution of sugar beet molasses by using glucose isomerase enzyme as follows :
1- Clarification of sugar beet molasses by activated carbon .
2- Acidic hydrolysis of the clarified solution and studying the chemical composition .
3- Isomerization of the hydrolyzed solution by glucose isomerase enzyme .
The obtained results could be summarized as following :-
1- Physical properties of sugar beet molasses :-
a. Total solids of sugar beet molasses was measured by three methods :-
• Hydrometer and the average of total soluble solids was 92.91 Brix (Degree) .
• Refractometer and the average of total soluble solids was 88.61 % .
• Drying and the average of total solids was 81.50 % .
b. The mean of the specific gravity of sugar beet molasses was 1.5063 .
c. Purity of sugar beet molasses and it was calculated mathematically and the average purity of sugar beet molasses was 60.55 % .
2- Chemical analysis of sugar beet molasses :-
The results obtained revealed that :
a. Ash content and the average was 11.45 % .
b. Minerals and trace elements were determined by ”Carl Zeiss” flame photometer in National Company for Maize Products in 10th Of Ramadan and the obtained results were :
• Potassium was 3.6% .
• Calcium was 0.6 % .
• Magnesium was 0.11 % .
• Sodium was 1.4 % .
• Trace element 0.04% .
c. pH value of sugar beet molasses was measured by pH meter and the mean value was 5.48 .
d. Percentage of acidity by titration and the mean value was 1.456 .
e. Ions groups content in sugar beet molasses determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry using a Pye UniCam sp 9-8—instrument . The determination was carried out in National Company for Maize Products in 10th Of Ramadan and the results :
• Chlorides was 1.2% .
• Sulfate was 1.03% .
• Nitrite was 0.25% .
• Nitrate was 0.012% .
f. Total nitrogen content was determined by the MicroKejedahl method and the results showed that sugar beet molasses contained 19.94% nitrogen compounds based on dry weight and other nitrogen fractions were determined by HPLC using an optilab 5931 liquid chromotograph (Tecator AB , Hȍganȁs , Sweden ) provided with a refractometric detector . This determination was carried out in National Company for Maize Products lab in 10th Of Ramadan and they were :-
• Crude protein 6.1% .
• Betaine was 3.04% .
• Amino acids 8.55% .
• Nucleic acid components were 1.05% .
• Amino acid sugar complex were 1.2 % .
g. Amino acids were estimated using an automatic amino-acid analyzer (Hitachi KL A-5) by ion exchange chromatography and the average value was 8.55% based on dry weight .
h. Sugars fractions were also determined by HPLC and the obtained results as follows :
• Sucrose was 48% .
• Glucose was 0.4 % .
• Fructose was 0.6% .
• Ketoses was 0.15% .
• Raffinose was 1.25 % .
• Other oligo saccharides were 1% .
• Galactinol was 0.2% .
i. Reducing sugars was determined by lane &Eynon method and the mean value was 1.22% .
The results obtained would generally confirm the following:
1- The value of soluble solids content of molasses determined by hydrometer ranged from 91.5 to 95.0 degree Brix with a mean value of 92.91 degree Brix .
2- The value of soluble solids determined by refractometer was ranged from 87.5% to 90.5 % with an average of 88.61 % .
3- By drying substance the soluble solids was ranged from 77.53% to 82.90% with an average of 80.37%
4- Specific gravity were ranged from 1.4964 to 1.5227 with an average of 1.5063 .
5- The results obtained by refractometer is usually intermediate between Brix degree and total solids percentage by drying method .
3- Production of the High Fructose Syrup ( HFS ) from beet sugar molasses :
The seconed part of this study was the production of HFS from beet sugar molasses .
There are many treatments preceding the production of High Fructose syrup from sugar beet molasses :-
a. Clarification of sugar beet molasses :
By using activated carbon (charcoal) to remove all of the colloidal impurities , colorants , heavy metals , melanoidins and alkaline degradation products of invert sugar depending on activated carbon adsorption properties . Three concentration of charcoal were prepared 6% , 8% , 10% and used with different sugar beet molasses dilution were prepared (300 , 400, 500 g molasses per liter ) .
The diluted molasses 300 gm/L was treated with different concentrations of activated carbon , the results were :
• With 6% charcoal , the sucrose content was 47.1% , ash was 4.66% , reducing sugars were 1.2% and color was 3680 mAU .
• While using 8% charcoal , the sucrose content was 46.7% , ash was 4.26% , reducing sugars were 1.2% and color was 3680 mAU .
• When the diluted molasses was treated with 10% charcoal , the sucrose content was 44.7% , ash was 3.04% , reducing sugars were 0.96% and color was 3210 mAU .
The diluted molasses 400 gm/L was treated with different concentrations of activated carbon , the results were :
• After treated with 6% activated carbon , the sucrose content was 36.03% , ash was 4.71% , reducing sugars were 1.04% and the color absorbance was 4650 mAU .
• When using 8% charcoal and analyzes the clarified solution , the sucrose content was 35.24% , ash was 4.28% , reducing sugars were 0.98% and the color absorbance was 4480 mAU .
• The clarified solution after treated with 10% charcoal , sucrose content 32.93% , ash 4.10% , reducing sugars 0.91 % and the color absorbance was 4320 mAU .
The diluted molasses 500 gm/L was treated with different concentrations of activated carbon , the results were :
• With 6% activated carbon , the sucrose content was 33.83% , ash was 4.29% , reducing sugars were 1.17% , and the color was 4660 mAU .
• When treated with 8% charcoal , the sucrose content was 32.06% , ash was 4.02%, reducing sugars were 1.01% , and the color was 4445 mAU .
• The last treatment with 10% activated carbon , the sucrose content was 31.13% , ash was 4.97% , reducing sugars 0.87 % were and the color was 4320 mAU .
The pervious results obtained would generally led to the following conclusion :
The best solution of sugar beet molasses dilution for production of high fructose syrup was 300 gm/L and 10% charcoal because it was gave a higher rates level of sucrose and reducing sugars and very lower rates level of ash and color than those in other concentration of charcoal and dilution of molasses too .
Acidic hydrolysis :
By using sulfuric acid 2% at 170-180 °C for 10 minutes to hydrolyze the sucrose content in clarified solution of sugar beet molasses to the monosaccharides , glucose and fructose .
the results obtained were :
• sucrose percentage after acidic hydrolysis decreased from 65.61% to 10.321% on the other hand a significant increasing in glucose from 3.717% to 30.936% and fructose from 13.66% to 32.240% due to the hydrolysis of sucrose (disaccharides) to its main content glucose and fructose (monosaccharides) .
• The color absorbance was a slight increases to get 3370 mAU .
b. Enzymatic isomerization :
The main treatment for the production of high fructose syrup from sugar beet molasses
By using glucose isomerase enzyme incubated at 70°C for 7 hours at pH 8 to isomerizes the glucose units in the hydrolyzed solution of sugar beet molasses to fructose to increase the fructose content .
The results obtained could be summarized as :
The residual glucose after isomerization process decreases from 30.936 in the hydrolyzed sugar beet molasses solution to 11.23% and on the other hand a great increases in the fructose content in the isomerized solution from 32.240% in the hydrolyzed sugar beet molasses solution to 51.62% . This increase was happened due to the glucose isomerase treatment to produce high fructose syrup (HFS) .
The treated hydrolyzed solution of sugar beet molasses with glucose isomerase enzyme and incubated for 7 hours at 70°C and an increase the fructose concentration after 4 hours of incubation , and highly decreases in fructose production rate were detected in the last 3 hours .
The pervious results would led to the following conclusion :
That the best condition for production of high fructose from sugar beet molasses are :
The dilution of sugar beet molasses must be 300 gm/L treated with 10% charcoal and the treatment of the diluted solution with glucose isomerase enzyme was carried out for seven hours at 70 °C and the best period to produce high fructose syrup was after 4 hours .